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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are biomolecules constructed |
Heiarchically from limited number of elements |
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What characterizes different types of biomolecules |
Certain functional groups and linkages |
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Biomolecules are simple molecules that condense to form what? |
More complex molecules like polymers |
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Biomolecules are _____ and subject to ______ |
Self replicating, natural selection |
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Biomolecule |
Any molecule present in living organisms, including large macromolecules |
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Macromolecules |
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid |
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Functional group |
Group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound |
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Polymer |
Substance that has molecular structure consisting of a large number of similar units bonded together |
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Dalton's in inorganic precursors |
18-64 |
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Dalton's in metabolites |
50-250 |
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Dalton's in building block |
100-350 |
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Dalton's in macromolecules |
10^3 to 10^9 |
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Heiarchy for complex molecules order |
Inorganic precursor > metabolites > building blocks > macromolecules |
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Examples of inorganic precursor |
Carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, nitrogen, nitrate |
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Example of metabolites |
Pyruvate, succinate, citrate etc |
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Example of building block |
Amino acid, nucleotides, monosaccharide, fatty acid, glycerol |
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Example of macromolecule |
Protein, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrates |
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Living matter consists of these elements |
CHON |
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CHON makes up what percentage of atoms in the human body |
99% |
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Percentage hydrogen |
63 |
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Percentage of oxygen |
25.5 |
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Percentage carbon |
9.5 |
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Percentage nitrogen |
1.4 |
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Why is body mostly made up of CHON |
Covalent bond makes them suitable for life |
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Covalent bond |
Aka molecular bond is a chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons between atoms |
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Fidelity of self replication resides where |
Chemical nature of DNA |
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How does DNA double helix pair |
Hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases |
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Complementary nucleotide sequences give rise to... |
Non covalent structural complementarity |
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Which way does the double helix run |
Polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions |
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Intra |
Within |
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Inter |
Between |
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What do ion pairs display |
Charge complementarity and non covalency |
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Polymers held together by what type of bond |
Covalent |
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Protein (polypeptide) monomer |
Amino acid |
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Nucleic acid monomer |
Nucleotide |
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Polysaccharide monomer |
Monosaccharide |
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Macromolecules and building blocks have a sense of what |
Sense or directionality |
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Do macromolecules have information |
Some do |
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Architecture of biomolecules |
Three dimensional |
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Weak forces maintain what |
Biological structure and determine interactions |
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Compartmentalization of cells does what |
Promotes effeciancy by maintaining high local concentration of reactants |
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Metabolic pathways evolved to do what |
Synthesize molecules and generate energy |
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Simplest cells |
Prokaryotes |
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Eukaryotic cells characterized by |
Membrane bound organelles and nucleus |
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Three domains |
Bacteria, archea, eukarya |
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Characteristic of prokaryote |
Single cell no nucleus |
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Flagellar motor relies on what to work |
High concentration of biomolecules |
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Anabaena is what |
Cyanobacterium |
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Archae is most closely related to which branch |
Eukarya |
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2nd law of thermodynamics |
Entropy= disorder |
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Energy must be conserved but |
Can take different forms |
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Enthalpy equivalent to |
Heat |
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Measure of systems disorder |
Entropy |
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Entropy tends to do what |
Increase |
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Free energy change determined by |
Change in enthalpy and change in entropy |
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When does spontaneous process occur |
With decrease in free energy |
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Standard state conditions |
25C 1atm pH 7.0 |
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Used as a reference point to calculate properties |
Standard state |
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Organisms are |
Non equilibrium open systems that cobstatntly exchange matter and energy |
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What do enzymes do |
Increase rates of thermodynamically favorable conditions |
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Thermodynamics |
The study of energy and its tranformations |
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1st law of thermodynamics |
Energy is conserved |
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H stands for |
Enthalpy, total energy |
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G stands for |
Free energy available to do work |
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S stands for entropy |
Disorder, energy unavailable for work |
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Total energy= |
Useful energy+useless energy |
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∆H= |
∆G+T∆S |
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Thermodynamic equation is in which units |
J/mol for H and G, K for T and J/mol.K for S |
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What is 1 joule |
Equivalent required to raise temperature of 1g water by 1C |
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If ∆G=0 then |
Reaction at equlibrium |
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If ∆G<0 reaction is |
Spontaneous and exothermic |
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If ∆G>0 the reaction is |
Endothermic |
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2nd law of thermodynamics |
Entropy of the universe and isolated system always increases |
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Does entropy have to take place in system |
No |
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Any reversible process proceeds towards |
A decrease in free energy |
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Open system |
System that freely exchanges energy and matter with surroundings |
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Transformation |
Where energy goes |
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Thermodynamic equilibrium |
No flow of energy |
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Coupling |
Pairing |
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3rd law of thermodynamic |
Entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero, is exactly zero |
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At 0k entropy is |
Zero |
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Absolute zero used as a |
Reference |
