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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of cancer comes from epithelial cells?
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carcinomas. most common
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What type of cancer comes from mesenchymal cells?
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sarcomas
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What type of cancer comes from white blood cells?
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leukemias, lymphomas
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UV light does what to DNA?
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creates pyrimidine dimers
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Oncogenes are activated by ___________ (gain of function/loss of function) mutations in proto oncogenes.
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gain of function
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Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated by ___________ (gain of function/loss of function) mutations, causing cancer.
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loss of function
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Burkitt lymphoma is caused by a loss of function mutation in the proto oncogene _________ (gene transcription). This proto oncogene gets __________ from chromosome ___ to chromosome __.
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-MYC.
-translocated from chromosome 8 to 14 |
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CML is caused by a loss of function mutation in the proto oncogene _________.
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BCR-ABL
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Follicular lymphoma is caused by a loss of function mutation in the proto oncogene _________.
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BCL2
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Once translocated from chromosome 8 to chromosome 14, the MYC proto oncogene will be controlled by the strong ______________ promoter, causing Burkitt lymphoma with the characteristic ______________.
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immunoglobulin heavy chain genes
B-cell tumors in jaw |
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CML: the _________ proto oncogene is translocated from chromosome ___ to ___, causing increased _________________ activity and the proliferation of _____________ in the blood.
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-ABL
-chromsome 9 to 22 -increased tyrosine kinase activity -proliferation of granulocytes |
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The altered chromosome 22 in CML is called _____________________.
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Philadelphia chromsome
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HTLV-1 virus causes _______________.
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T-cell leukemia
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HIV virus causes _____________.
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non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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Papilloma virus causes _______________.
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cervical cancer
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Cyclins, which regulate the cell cycle, are all ______________.
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proto oncogenes
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Cyclins must bind _____________ to induce gene transcription.
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cycling dependent kinases
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Loss of function mutations of the tumor suppressor genes for adhesion protein receptors cause what cancers?
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stomach cancer, basal cell carcinoma, colon cancer
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Loss of function mutations of the tumor suppressor genes for signal transduction proteins cause what cancers?
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neurofibrosarcoma, pancreatic and colorectal cancers
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Loss of function mutations of the tumor suppressor genes for transcription factor cell-cycle regulator cause what cancers?
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Wilms tumor, melanoma, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, retinoblastoma, sarcomas
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Loss of function mutations of the tumor suppressor genes for DNA repair cause what cancer?
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breast cancer
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Sporadic retinoblastoma cancer is caused by one or two mutations to the Rb protein?
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2
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Defective __________ or its defective pathway are present in almost ALL cancers.
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p53
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DNA damage increases the expression of p53 because it _________________.
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initiates the transcription of DNA repair enzymes
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Neurofibromin is a ___________ (proto oncogene/tumor suppressor) that regulates the activity of _____, causing GTP to be hydrolyzed to GDP, thus inactivating it.
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tumor suppressor
RAS |
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Mutations in NF-1 cause...
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neurofibromatosis
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Cadherins cause cell to cell contact and are considered _______________. They are linked to intracellular actin via __________, which are protooncogenes bound to APC. APC mutations cause _____________.
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-tumor suppressors
-cadherins -familial polyposis colon cancer |
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Deficient mismatch repair causes ____________ cancer and has a _____________ inheritance pattern.
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-hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer
-autosomal dominant |
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Deficient nucleotide excision repair causes __________ cancer and has a _____________ inheritance pattern.
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-skin cancer
-autosomal recessive |
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Deficient recombination repair through BRCA1 and 2 causes ___________ cancer and has a __________ inheritance pattern. Deficient recombination repair through BLM helicase causes __________ and has a ___________ inheritance pattern.
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-Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
-autosomal dominant -Bloom's syndrome -autosomal recessive |
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Apoptosis pathways all cause the ___________ cascade in the cell.
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caspase
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Death cell receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways directly activate the initiator caspases, which are capase __, __, and __.
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8, 9, 10
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The execution caspases (caspases __, ___, __) are activated by the initiator caspases.
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3, 6, 7
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The 3 mitochondrial death signals are...
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1. lack of growth factors
2. cell injury 3. high Ca levels |
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Death signals cause mitochondria to release ___________, which binds to ________ to activate ________.
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-cytochrome C
-Apaf-1 -caspase 9 |
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Anti-apoptotic proteins include...
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Bcl-2
Bcl-x Bcl-w |
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Proapoptotic channel forming proteins include...
Function depends on binding to the ____ proteins. |
Bax
Bak Bok must bind to BH3-only proteins |
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The proapoptotic BH3-only proteins are...
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Bad
Bid Bim |
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At low Bid levels (BH3-only), Bid becomes sequestered by ______ and ______ cannot be formed.
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-Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic)
-Bax (proapoptotic channel forming) |
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At high Bid levels (BH3-only), _____ becomes functional.
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Bax (proapoptotic channel forming)
causes cytochrome c release = apoptosis |
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In Follicular B cell lymphoma, the _____ proto oncogene is moved from chromsome __ to chromosome __, causing elevated expression of Bcl-2. This prevents the death of ________, causing their expansion (lymphoma).
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BCL-2
chromsome 18 to 14 prevents death of B cells |
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Burkitt's lymphoma causes _________ of B cells while Follicular B cell lymphoma causes _________ of B cells.
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-Burkitt: increased proliferation
-Follicular B cell lymphoma: decreased death |
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Benign tumors of glandular/epithelial origin are called...
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adenomas
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