Biochem Block 1: Gluconeogenesis (Sadik)

Front 1

Why can't muscle do gluconeogenesis?

Back 1

It lacks 2 essential enzymes:

-pyruvate carboxylase

-glucose 6 phosphatase

Front 2

Pyruvate carboxylase requires ____________ as a cofactor.

Back 2

biotin

Front 3

What three things does the liver use to synthesize glucose?

Back 3

-amino acids
-glycerol
-lactate

Front 4

What enzyme in the liver turns lactate to pyruvate for gluconeogenesis?

Back 4

lactate dehydrogenase

Front 5

What enzyme converts alanine to pyruvate for gluconeogenesis?

Back 5

alanine aminotransferase

Front 6

What enzyme converts aspartate into a usable intermediate of gluconeogenesis?

Back 6

aspartate aminotransferase converts aspartate into OAA

Front 7

What enzyme converts glutamate into a usable intermediate of gluconeogenesis?

Back 7

glutamate dehydrogenase turns glutamate into OAA

Front 8

For use in gluconeogenesis, glycerol must first be converted into ______________ and then into ____________.

Back 8

-glycerol 3 phosphate

-DHAP

Front 9

What enzyme converts glycerol into glycerol 3 phosphate?

Back 9

glycerol kinase (it adds a P)

Front 10

What enzyme converts glycerol 3 phosphate into DHAP?

Back 10

glycerol 3P dehydrogenase

Front 11

First step of gluconeogenesis: what enzyme converts pyruvate...and what does it convert it into?

Back 11

pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate into OAA

Front 12

2nd step of gluconeogenesis: what enzyme converts OAA...and what does it convert it into?

Back 12

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase converts OAA into PEP

Front 13

What enzyme converts fructose 1,6 bisphospate into fructose 6 phosphate?

Back 13

fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

Front 14

What enzyme converts glucose 6 phosphate into glucose?

Back 14

glucose 6 phosphatase

Front 15

What enzyme converts fructose 6 phosphate to glucose 6 phosphate?

Back 15

the same one in glycolysis (phosphoglucose isomerase)

Front 16

What allosterically regulates fructose 1,6 biphosphatase?

Back 16

fructose 2,6 biphosphate

Front 17

PFK-2 creates ___________, which can allosterically inhibits ____________. This inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Back 17

-fructose 2,6 biphosphate

-fructose 1,6 biphosphatase

Front 18

Fructose 2, 6 biphosphatase takes converts...

Back 18

fructose 2,6 biphosphate into fructose 6 phosphate, which can be used in gluconeogenesis

Front 19

If you have an increase in F6P and a decrease in F-2,6-BP, what happens to the metabolic pathways? What hormone stimulates this?

Back 19

If you have an increase in F6P (low F-2,6-BP), you are trying to make/spare glucose. Glycolysis downgraded, gluconeogenesis activated, lipolysis activated.

CAUSED BY GLUCAGON

Front 20

When you have a secretion of insulin, what happens F6P/F-2,6-BP and the metabolic pathways?

Back 20

you have excess glucose that needs to be stored. so fructose 6 phosphate will turn into F-2,6-BP to activate glycolysis and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Lipogenesis and glycogenesis will be activated to store excess glucose

Front 21

Pyruvate carboxylase needs high levels of _____________ to work, as this compound allosterically activates it. Thus, __________ activates gluconeogenesis.

Back 21

acetyl CoA

Front 22

What compound inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Back 22

pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA...so the product, acetyl CoA, will inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (feedback inhibition)

Front 23

How do you turn off pyruvate kinase?

Back 23

phosphorylation by protein kinase A

Front 24

PEP carboxykinase is activated by ____________________ and is inhibited by_____________.

Back 24

-activated by glucagon, epinepherine, glucocorticoids

-inhibited by insulin

Front 25

How many ATP do you need to synthesize one molecule of glucose in gluconeogenesis?

Back 25

6

Front 26

PFK-2 activates _____________ and inhibits __________.

Back 26

-activates glycolysis

-inhibits gluconeogenesis by inhibiting fructose 1,6 biphosphatase.

Front 27

PFK-1 and PFK-2 both ___________ glycolysis.

Back 27

activate