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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four classes of Biomacromolecules?
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Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
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What are amino acids subunits of?
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Peptides and Proteins
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What are peptides and Proteins?
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Polymeric chains composed of amino acid subunits.
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What is an Alpha Amino Acid?
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Carboxylic acid with an amino group on the carbon alpha to the carboxylic acid group. Alpha carbon also has an R group side.
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Which two amino acids have two chiral centers?
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Isoleucine and Thronine
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What factors affect the racemization rate of AA?
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1. Temperature
2. Water concentration in environment 3. pH in environment 4. bound state versus free state 5. size of macromolecule, if in bound state 6. Specific location in the macromolecule, if in bound state 7. Contact with clay surfaces 8. Presence of aldehydes 9. concentration of buffer compounds 10. Ionic strength of the environment |
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What form of amino acid is mainly present in proteins?
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L form predominates.
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What are the neutral non polar AA?
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Glycine
alanine valine leucine Isoleucine Phenylalanine tryptophan methionine cysteine Proline |
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What are the neutral polar AA?
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Serine
Threonine Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamine |
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What are the acidic AA?
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Glutamate
Aspartate |
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What are the basic AA?
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Arginine
Lysine Histidine |
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What charge does the carboxyl group have at physiological pH?
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negative
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What charge does the amino group have at physiological pH?
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positive
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What are AA without charged side chains called?
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zwitterions
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At low pH, what happens to a non charged AA acid?
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It is protonated
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What is the isoelectric point for an AA?
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When the net charge is 0.
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What is the formula for a neutral AA?
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(pK1 + pK2)/2
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What are roles of AA?
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second messengers
neurotransmitters hormones precursors of nitrogenous molecules metabolic intermediates |
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What are AA precursors for?
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Purine and pyrimidines
Heme Chlorophyll Urea Intermediates |
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What is a Peptide/
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polymer of 2-100 AA linked by peptide bonds
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What is lost when a peptide bond is formed?
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Water
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What constitutes a peptide bond?
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Between an amino group and a carboxyl group
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Which end goes to the left when writing a peptide sequence?
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N-terminal first
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Where is carnosine (beta alanyl-L-Hisitdine) found?
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In muscle tissue
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What does Glutathione do?
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most prevelant reducing agent
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What does leucine enkephalin do?
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Natural analgesic in brain
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What does Oxytocin do?
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Induces labor and aids in forcing milk from mammary glands
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What does vasopressin do?
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Regulates blood pressure
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What does Parotid Hormone do?
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Stimulates Odontoblasts
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DIsulfide bonds form?
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Oxidation reaction between two Cysteines to form Cystine
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Purpose of Disulfide bonds?
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Maintain structure and stability in peptide
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