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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the process of metabolizing alcohol?
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ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> acetate
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What part of the metabolism of alcohol creates so many problems?
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Alcohol forces NAD+ toward NADH
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What is the Cori Cycle?
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It is the recycling of lactate to pyruvate
Pyruvate (M.) -> Lactate (M.) -> Lactate (B.) -> Lactate (H.) -> Pyruvate (H.) -> Pyruvate (B.) -> Pyruvate (M.) |
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What determines the capacity to metabolize EtOH?
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The ability to shuttle NADH into the mitochondria, which after some point becomes saturated
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What happens after the NADH shuttling is saturated?
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It is no longer oxidized to NAD+, depleting levels of NAD+, reducing glycolytic flux at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which stops the ability to produce energy in glycolysis
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What effect does alcohol metabolism have on gluconeogenesis?
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Alcohol metabolism inhibits gluconeogenesis, because it drives the equilibrium between pyruvate and lactate toward lactate, thus inhibiting conversion to glucose
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Where does all ethanol metabolism occur?
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Liver tissue
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Where does all gluconeogenesis occur?
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Liver tissue
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How does alcohol metabolism affect adipose tissue?
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High NADH alters fat oxidation by altering the reactions for the glycerol phosphate shuttle
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What happens to the acetate produced from alcohol metabolism?
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converted to acetyl-CoA, but since TCA is slowed, it cannot be oxidized and must be converted to fat in the liver
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What effect does the inhibited glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase have on fats?
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leads to more glycerol-3-phophate, the backbone for triglycerides
this leads to hyperlipidemia |
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What causes the hangover effects?
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the acetaldehyde forms adducts with proteins and nucleic acids leading to acute toxic effects
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What is cirrhosis?
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It is the death of hepatocytes, caused by too much fat in the liver
cirrhosis causes the cells to become hard |
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Where is fructose metabolized?
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primarily in the liver, kidney and small intestine
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What enzyme in the liver converts fructose to F1P?
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Fructokinase
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What enzyme phosphorylates fructose in tissues other than liver?
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hexokinase
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What does lactose consist of?
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a dimer of glucose and galactose
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What does sucrose consist of?
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a dimer of glucose and fructose
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What is another name for fructose-1-phosphate aldolase?
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Aldolase B
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What causes "Essential fructosuria?"
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deficiency of fructokinase in liver
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What causes "hereditary fructose intolerance?"
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deficiency of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase in liver, kidney cortex, and small intestine
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What causes "hereditary fructose-1,6-BPase deficiency?"
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deficiency of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in liver
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What are the symptoms of essential fructosuria?
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hyperfructosemia
fructosuria |
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What is hyperfructosemia?
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Too much fructose in the blood
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What is fructosuria?
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Fructose in the urine
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What are the symptoms of hereditary fructose intolerance?
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Severe hypoglycemia
Vomiting on intake of fructose Infants: Poor feeding Vomiting Hepatomegaly Jaundice Proximal Renal Tubular Syndrome |
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What would happen to a patient with hereditary fructose intolerance if they failed to restrict fructose in their diet?
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It would lead to liver failure and death
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What is the effect of hereditary fructose intolerance?
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Can't convert F1P to glyceraldehyde and DHAP
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What is the effect of essential fructosuria?
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can't phosphorylate fructose in cell
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What is the effect of F-1,6-BPase deficiency?
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Can't convert lactate to pyruvate
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What are the symptoms of F-1,6-BPase deficiency?
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Episodic hyperventilation due to lactic acidosis
Hypoglycemia Apnea Ketosis |
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What is lactic acidosis?
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A build-up of lactic acid in the tissues and blood, which lowers physiological pH
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Why are neonates with F-1,6-BPase deficiency more likely to show severe symptoms?
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Their ability to perform gluconeogenesis is impaired
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Where is galactose metabolism most prevalent?
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Liver tissue
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What does GALK stand for?
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Galactose Kinase
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What does GALT stand for?
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Galactose uridylyltransferase
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What does GALE stand for?
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Galactose epimerase
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What are the symptoms of classic galactosemia due to loss of GALT?
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Poor feeding, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy
Infants: Jaundice, hepatomegaly |
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What is a main cause of bleeding disorders?
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Liver dysfunction
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What are the symptoms of GALK deficiency?
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cataracts and symptoms like GALT deficiency, but not as severe
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Where is the majority of GALE deficiency presented?
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erythrocytes
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Why is the most common form of GALE deficiency not very severe?
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erythrocyte turnover allows faulty cells to be discarded
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