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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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TCA cycle produces
how many NADH, FADH2, CO2, and GTP per acetyl CoA? That equals how many ATP? What about per glucose? |
3 NADH
1 FADH2 2 CO2 1GTP =12 ATP/acetyl-CoA (2x everything per glucose) |
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What 5 cofactors are needed for the alpha-ketoglutarate complex?
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Same cofactors as needed for the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex.
-Pyrophosphate (B1, thiamine; TPP) -FAD (B2, riboflavin) -NAD (B3, niacin) -CoA (B5, pantothenate) -Lipoic acid |
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List the TCA cycle from Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate
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Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA -> Citrate -> cis aconitate -> Isocitrate -> alpha Ketoglutarate -> Succinyl CoA -> Succinate -> Fumarate -> Malate -> Oxaloacetate
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Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?
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How many ATP per NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?
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1 NAHD -> 3 ATP
1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP |
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3 categories of oxidative phosphorylation poisons in the electron transport chain
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-Electron transport inhibitors
-ATPase inhbitor -uncoupling agents |
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Name 4 Electron transport inhibitors and how it works
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rotenone
antimycin A CN- CO -directly inhibit electron transport, causing a ↓ of proton gradient and block ATP synthesis |
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Name an ATPase inhibitor and explain how it works
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oligomycin
directly inhibits mitochondrial ATPase, causing an ↑ of proton gradient, but no ATP is produced because electron transport stops. |
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Name an uncoupling agent and explain how it works
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2, 4-DNP
↑ permeability of membrane, causing a ↓ of proton gradient and ↑ Oxygen consumption. ATP synthesis stops. Electron transport continues |
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4 irreversible enzymes in gluconeogenesis
a deficiency in these enzymes can cause what disease? |
Pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase Fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase Glucose-6-phosphatase a deficiency in these enzymes can cause hypoglycemia |
Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose
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Pyruvate carboxylase works where and catalyzes what reaction
what cofactors does it need? |
mitochondria
pyruvate → oxaloacetate requires biotin, ATP. activated by acetyl-CoA |
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PEP carboxykinase works where and catalyzes what reaction
what cofactors does it need? |
cytosol
oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate requires GTP |
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Fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase works where and catalyzes what reaction
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cytosol
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Fructorse-6-P |
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Glucose-6-phosphatase works where and catalyzes what reaction
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Cytosol
Glucose-6-P → glucose |
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von Gierke's disease is caused by?
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a lack of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver
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what organs can participate in gluconeogenesis?
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liver, kidney, intestinal epithelium (NOT muscle)
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The pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt) produces what from what for what?
(2 answers) |
produces ribose-5-P from G6P for nucleotide synthesis
and produces NADPH from NADP+ for fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis and for maintaining reduced glutathione inside RBCs |
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The pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt) occurs in cytoplasm or mitochondria?
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cytoplasm
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how much ATP is used and produced in The pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt)?
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none
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what organs does The pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt) take place in?
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lactating mammary glands
liver adrenal cortex -all sites of fatty acid or steroid synthesis |
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Describe how Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency works
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-G6PD is a rate-limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt (which yields NADPH).
-NADPH is needed to keep glutathione reduced, which in turn detoxifies free radicals and peroxides. - ↓ NADPH in RBCs → HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA due to poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents (fava beans, sulfonamides, primaquine) and antituberculosis drugs. |
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fava beans, sulfonamides, primaquine are all examples of
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oxidizing agents (leads to hemolytic anemia in G6PD)
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is more common among which racial group?
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blacks
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency has what type of bodies?
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Heinz bodies -- altered Hemoglobin precipitates within RBCs
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think of the blood becoming like "Heinz" ketchup because of precipitating hemoglobin. Then imagine putting ketchup on your fava beans
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How is Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency inherited?
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X-linked recessive
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