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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two cellular oxidants? What are they reduced to?
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NAD+ and FAD
NADH and FADH2 |
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What kind of bond is a "high energy" phosphate bond?
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Phospohanhydride linkage
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Why are phosphoanhydride linkages unstable?
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-negatively charged groups repelling each other
-more resonance structures in the products |
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What is the formula for ΔG?
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ΔG=G(products) - G(reactants)
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What are the units for ΔG?
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Calories
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What is the formula for ΔG at biochemical standard conditions?
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DELETE
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What is the formula for ΔG under cellular conditions?
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DELETE
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How does an acyl transfer or a phosphoryl transfer occur?
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A molecule with an unpaired pair of electrons attacks the C (in acyl group) or P (in phosphoryl group). This causes the old bond to break and a new bond to form between the acyl/phosphoryl group and the attacking molecule.
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What does it mean that ATP has a high phosphoryl transfer potential?
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The hydrolysis of ATP occurs easily and releases a lot of energy.
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What is the definition of a "high energy bond"?
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ΔG0 of hydrolysis is more negative than -6.0 kcal/mol
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What are the functional groups of Acetyl CoA?
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-Phosphopantetheine (with pantothenic acid)
-Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate |
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Describe LEO says GER!
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Oxidation is a process where electrons are lost (LEO).
Reduction is a process where electrons are gained (GER). |
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What are the rules to determine the oxidation state of a carbon atom?
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-For each bond to H, add -1
-For each bond to O, N, S, or halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), add +1 -Add 0 for each bond to another carbon |
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What is the oxidation state of CH4? What type of molecule?
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-negative 4
-Hydrocarbons (fats) are the most reduced |
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What is the oxidation state of H3C-OH? What type of molecule?
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-negative 2
-Carbohydrate |
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What is the oxidation state of H2C=O? What type of molecule?
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-zero
-Aldehyde/ketone |
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What is the oxidation state of HCOOH? What type of molecule?
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-positive 2
-Acid |
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What is the oxidation state of O=C=O? What type of molecule?
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-positive 4
-Carbon dioxide (most oxidized) |
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What are the three types of hydrogen reducing equivalents?
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-The hydrogen molecule, 2 protons and 2 electrons
-The hydrogen atom, 1 proton and 1 electron -The hydride ion, 1 proton and 2 electrons. ***H+ (just the proton) is NOT a reducing equivalent*** |
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Which has more potential energy, a fully reduced molecule or a fully oxidized molecule?
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A fully reduced molecule has the most potential energy. As molecules are oxidized, energy is released.
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When FAD becomes FADH2 or NAD+ becomes NADH, is this process oxidation or reduction? Does this increase or decreases the potential energy?
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-Reduction
-Increase potential energy |
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What is the formula converting ΔG to volts?
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DELETE
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Per molecule of NADH, how many ATP molecules could be generated?
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2.5 ATP per NADH
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Per molecule of FADH2, how many ATP molecules could be generated?
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1.5 ATP per FADH2
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What are the derivatives of carboxylic acids and phosphoric acids?
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-Acyls (carboxylic acid)
-Phosphoryls (phosphoric acid) |
