Biochem 2.4 :: Complete

Front 1

A unconscious patient comes in after being deprived of Oxygen. Why is the most likely acid-base disturbance found in this patient?

Back 1

Lactic Acidosis

lactate buildup

Front 2

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate ---> 3-phosphoglycerol

(NADH + H+ ---> NAD+)

what enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Back 2

3-phosphoglycerol dehydrogenase

Front 3

3phosphoglycerol ---> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

FAD----> FADH2

what enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Back 3

flavoprotein dehydrogenase

Front 4

What is the Malate-Aspartate shuttle?

Back 4

Transfers H+

across inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 5

Electron transfer in the ETC involves ? reactions

Back 5

redox

Front 6

Lack of Oxygen will affect the ETC how?

Back 6

Oxygen is required to take electrons from Fe2+

without oxygen, this causes a back up in the ETC and causes failure of the system.

NADH builds up way too high and body has to find a different way to reduce NADH ---> NAD+

Front 7

? glycolysis is the ATP synthesizing strategy used by erythrocytes and cells that lack oxygen.

Back 7

Anaerobic glycolysis

Front 8

Protein complexes in the ? generate the proton gradient in mitochondria.

Back 8

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 9

Mitochondira allow what type of glycolysis?

Back 9

Aerobic

Front 10

Which complex in the ETC creates ATP?

ATP are created where in the mitochondria?

Back 10

Complex V

mitochondria matrix (pumped out by ATP transporter)

Front 11

True or False

ETC is composed of proteins from both Mitochondrial and Nuclear genomes

Back 11

True

Front 12

Cyanide inhibits ? of cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV).

Back 12

Cytochorome a3

Front 13

The conenzymes of complex I can have ? different oxidation states. They can can carry up to ? electrons.

Back 13

3 different oxidation states

hold up to 2 electrons

Front 14

True or False

During normal metabolism, oxygen is converted into reactive oxygen species -- then finally converted to H2O

Back 14

True

Front 15

Primary sites of ROS formation in mitochondrial metabolism are ? and ? in the ETC.

Back 15

Complex I

Complex III

Front 16

What powers ATP synthase in the mitochondria?

Back 16

H+ gradient

intermembrane space ----> matrix

Front 17

True or False

ATP synthase is similar to flagellum motors

Back 17

True

both are driven by H+ gradient

Front 18

If the H+ gradient is too low to generate ATP in the mitochondria what can be done to maintain the proton gradient?

When would this occur?

Back 18

ATP synthase will start to reverse

instead of MAKING ATP it will hydrolyze the ATP and make ADP causing the H+ to be pumped back into the intermembrane space.

HAPPENS DURING HYPOXIA!!

Front 19

What is the purpose of salicylates?

Why is this bad?

Back 19

Salicylates can cross membranes in both ACID and CONJUGATE BASE forms.

Transports protons across the membrane DOWN their concentration gradient.

inner membrane of mitochondria is IMPERMEABLE to ions --- salicylates will destroy the H+ gradient.

Front 20

Aerobic metabolism consumes pyruvate by conversion to AcCoA and then catabolism to ? in the TCA cycle

Back 20

CO2

Front 21

TCA cycle begins with AcCoA and converts these to what byproducts?

Back 21

Co2

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

Front 22

What enzymes create NADH in the TCA cycle?

Back 22

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Malate dehydrogenase

Front 23

What enzyme creates FADH2 in the TCA?

Back 23

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Front 24

What enzyme creates GTP in the TCA cycle?

Back 24

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

Front 25

The conversion of succinate ---> fumerate occurs by enzymes found in what complex of the ETC?

Back 25

Complex II

Front 26

What is the electron carrier during the succinate ---> fumerate reaction?

Back 26

Coenzyme Q

Front 27

Fumarase deficiency will cause?

Back 27

fumarate to build up

this causes a back up in the TCA cycle

also affects Complex II in the ETC

Front 28

What enzymes in the TCA cycle are irreversible?

Back 28

Citrate Synthase

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex

Front 29

What are the 3 regulatory enzymes of the TCA?

Back 29

Citrate Synthase

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex

Front 30

? causes an INCREASE in TCA cycle production.

Back 30

Ca2+

Front 31

What substrate in the TCA cycle allows conversion to amino acids?

Back 31

α-ketoglutarate

Front 32

Synthesis of Cholesterol and Fatty acids occurs from what substrate in the TCA?

Back 32

Citrate

Front 33

Synthesis of Porphyrins occurs from what substrate in the TCA cycle?

Back 33

Succinyl-CoA

Front 34

What elevated levels are found in healthy prostate?

Decreased levels of this may indicate malignant prostate cancer!

Back 34

Citrate

Front 35

True or False

Malignant Prostate cancer will exhibit use of Zinc.

Back 35

False

NO ZINC = Cancer

Front 36

Oxidative phsophorylation requires Oxygen --> where does the oxygen end up (byproduct)?

Back 36

In H2O

NOT CO2

Front 37

REMEMBER

Metabolic Disease characterisitcs
-elevated blood lactate
-acidosis, ketoisis or hyperlactatemia

Back 37

REMEMBER

Metabolic Disease characterisitcs
-elevated blood lactate
-acidosis, ketoisis or hyperlactatemia

Front 38

a high NADH/NAD+ ratio will activate what type of synthesis?

Back 38

Lactate synthesis

to compensate for all the high NADH (body needs NAD+ so lactate synthesis occurs to replenish)

Front 39

What is the source of bicarbonate for metabolic acidosis derived from?

Back 39

CO2 ---from TCA cycle in the mitochondria

Front 40

Mitochondria enables aerobic oxidation and is KEY for converting ? to ? because of oxygen accepting electrons.

Back 40

NADH ----> NAD+