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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA polymerase I; II; III
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I = removes primer and fills gap on lagging strand; 5'-3- exonuclease activity
- analogous to episolon in eurkaryotes III = leading strand and ozakzaki framents; 3'-5' exonuclease - leading = delta eukaryote - lagging = alpha eukaryote |
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req. to make
pyrimadine purine |
pyrimidine = made from orotic acid then PRPP added
- need Carbamyol phosphate & aspartate Purine = made from IMP - need aspartate, glutamine, and glycine, and THF |
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Purine salvage
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- ADA if not present too much ATP present negatively feedback inhibits purine synthesis
- ADA needed to go Adenosine -> inosine - hence prevents DNA synthesis -> lymphocyte depletion -> SCID - HGPRT = salvages purines if not present Lesch-Nyhan and gout (XR) |
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Orotic aciduria
OTC |
OTC = XD
- def leads to an accumulation of carbamoyl phosphate which then gets converted by CPSII to OROTIC ACID - high OROTIC ACID and high AMMONIA - Orotic aciduria = AR - def in pyrimidine synthesis (orotic acid PRT or orotidine-phosphate decarboxylase - MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA that cannot be corrected w/ folate or b12 - high OROTIC ACID no ammonia |
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RNA polymerase that makes
mRNA rRNA tRNA |
prokaryotes = only 1 RNA polymerase
Eukaryotes = - RNA poly I = rRNA - RNA poly II = mRNA; opens DNA at promoter site; makes snRNPs; and a-amantin (muschrooms) poisons this; LIVER FAILURE - RNA poly III = tRNA |
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Promoter
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-where RNA polymerase and TFs bind to DNA
- upstream (AT rich) - CAAT and TATA |
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Enhancer
Silencer |
- stretch of DNA that alters gene expression by binding TFs
- close to; far; or w/ in gene it regulates |
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RNA processing
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- occurs in NUCLEUS
- after TRANSCRIPTION 1.) 5' cap (7-methylguanosine) 2.) Polyadenylation on 3' end (200 As) 3.) Splicing ofintrons called mRNA when capped and tailed - METHYLATION OF 5'-GUANINE CAP IS ONLY PART THAT OCCURS OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS (SAM) |
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hnRNA
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- heterogeneous nuclear RNA
- initial transcript |
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exons
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- coding region
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introns
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noncoding region
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t-RNA
where does AA bind? |
3' end = always CCA
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AA=tRNA synthetase
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- uses ATP
- proofreads its self mischarged = right codon but wrong AA attached |
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APE
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- A site = incoming Aminoacyl
- P = growing peptide - e = empty/exit |
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posttranslation modification
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-Trimming = Removal of N or C terminal propeptides from zymogens to generate mature proteins
Covalent alterications = phophorylation, glycosylation, and hydroxylation Proteasomal degradation = attachment of ubiquitin to defective proteins to tag for breakdown |
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CDKs
and cyclins |
- CDKs; constutive and inactive
- cyclins = regualtory proteins phas specific; activate CDKs - cyclin/CDK complexes = be both activated and inactived for cell cycle to progress |
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G1 check point
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CDK2-cyclin D and E -> progression
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stable (quienescent)
labile |
Stable (quiescent) = enter G1 from G0 when stimulated = hepatocytes, lymphocytes
Labile = never go to G0 = divide rapidly = bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair |
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RER
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- site of synthesis of proteins that are secreted and - N-linked oligosaccharide addition to proteins
Nissle body (RER in neurons) = make enzymes and pepitde neurotransmitters Free ribosomes = unbound in cytosol site of cytosolic and organellar proteins |
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SER
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- steroid synthesis
- detoxification (drugs and poison) - high in liver and adrenal cortex |
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RNA polymerase I
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= makes 45 sRNA in nucleolus
- combines w/ 5 sRNA (made outside nucleolus by RNA poly II) - splits into 2 subunits 1.) 40s RNA (18 sRNA) 2.) 60 s RNA (28s 5.8s and 5s) - these are transported thru nuclear pores into cytoplasm - assembly into ribosomes |
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O- oligosaccharides
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- added to serine and threonine in GOLGI
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COPI and II
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COPI = retrograde = Golgi -> ER
COPII = anterograde = RER -> cis-Golgi |
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I cell disease
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- failure of 6-mannose phosphate attachment
- enzymes secreted outsid ethe cell - COARSE FACIES; CLOUDED CORNEAS; RESTRICTED JOINT MOVEMENT; HIGH plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes - FATAL |
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microtubuel
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- 24 nm
- each a or B tubulin has 2GTP attached - FLAGELLA, CILIA, MITOTIC SPINDLES, AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN NEURONS |
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molecular motor proteins
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DYNEIN = retrograde = + -> -
KINESIN = anterograde = - -> - ATP powered - tubulin movement connected |
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Chediak-higashi
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- imcrotubule polymerization defect resulting in DEC PHAGOCYTOSIS
- RECURRENT PYOGENIC INFXNs, - PARTIAL ALBINO - PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY |
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Cilia structure and disease assoc
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- 9+2 arrangement of MIRCOTUBULE
- DYNEIN - ATPase that links the 9 doublets; allowing the MOVEMENT KARTAGENERS = AR - IMMOTILE CILIA - due to dynein arm defect - INFERTILITY both SEXES - BRONCHIECTASIS and RECURRENT SINUSITIS - Assoc. w/ SITUS INVERSUS |
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Vimentin
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connective tissue
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desmin
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muscle
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Ouabain
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- inhibits Na/K atpase
- binds to K+ site |
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Safarin
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- stains red
- CARTILAGE; MAST CELLS; MUCIN |
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Type I collagen
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BONE
SKIN TENDON dentin fascia CORNEA LATE WOUND REPAIR |
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Type IV collagen
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BM
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Type II collagen
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CARTILAGE (including hyaline)
VITREOUS BODY NUCLEUS PULPOSUS |
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Type III collagen
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RETICULIN
- skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue |
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Collagen synthesis
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1.) RER = translation forms alpha chains (preprocollagen)
2.) RER = hydroxylation of proline and lysine (VIT C) 3.) RER = glycosylation of pro-alpha chain lysine residue - formsaiton fo PROCOLAGEN = tiple helix of 3 alpha helix 4.) exocytosis of PROCOLLAGEN 5.) Proteolytic processing = transforms to INSOLUBLE TROPOCOLLAGEN 6.) CROSS-linking = lysine-hydroxylysine by LYSYL OXIDASE (Copper) tomake COLLAGEN FIBRILS |
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Most frequaently affected collagen in EHlers-danlos
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-type III
- joint dislocation; BERRY aneurysm; organ rupture |
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta
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- AD
- TYPE II is fatal in utero - abnormal TYPE I COLLAGEN = BRITTLE BONE DISEASE; child abuse - multiple fxs; BLUE SCLERA; HEARING LOSS; DENTAL IMPERFECTIONs lack of dentin; poor wound healing |
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Alport's syndrome
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XR
- abnormal type IV colalgen - HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS and DEAFNESS and ocular disturbances |
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Elastin
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- stretchy protein w/in lungs, large arteries, elastic ligament, vocal cords, ligamenta flava
- rich in nonglycosylated proline and glycine - TROPOELASTIN w/ FIBRILLIN SCAFFOLDING - destroyed by elastase which is normally inhibited by a1-antitrypsin MARFANS = defect in FIBRILLIN |
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PCR
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1.) DENATURE = 95C (200 F)
2.) ANNEAL = 55C (131 F) 3.) ELONGATION = 72C (175 F) 100 -> 50 -> 75 |
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Southern BLOT
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- DNA
- radiolabed DNA probe |
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NORTHERN
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- RNA
- radiolabeled DNA prob |
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WESTERN
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- PRotein
- labeled Antibody |
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constitutive
conditional |
consititutive = random insertion
conditional = targeted insertion synthesize = factor 8, insulin, GH |
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Cre-loz manipulate gnes at specific development points using an antibiotic-controlled promoter
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- to study a gene whose deletion causes embryonic death
- CRE-LOX system |
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RNAi
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dsRNA synthesize that is complementary to mRNA of interest
- when in human cells -> separates and promotes degradation of target mRNA - KNOCKING DOWN GENE EXPRESSION |
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cDNA
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complimentary DNA
- created by RT |
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p21
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CDK inhibitor that blocks cell-cycle progression
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Gq pathway
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PIP2 ----- Phospholipase C ---> IP3 and DAG
IP3 = causes release of calcium from ER DAG and Ca+2 activated Protein Kinase C |
