Biochem 1-3

Front 1

Equation for Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 1

~24 kcal per day per kg body weight

[1 kg = 2.2 lbs]

Front 2

Respiratory Quotient - Equation and Explanation

Back 2

Moles of CO2 released/Moles of O2 consumed in oxidation

basically, how efficient the extraction of energy is in terms of oxygen use

Front 3

Respiratory Control - Equation and Explanation

Back 3

O2 consumption when ADP low / O2 consumption when ADP is high

WANT LOW NUMBER (0.06-0.2), b/c you should be reducing small amounts of oxygen when there's already a lot of ATP (numerator), and a lot when there is little ATP (denominator). This measures the proper function of the mitochondria, in terms of sensing and responding to ATP levels.

Front 4

Rank Caloric Content (kcal/gram):

Carbs
Fat
Protein
Ethanol

Back 4

Carbs (4) *but very high Respiratory Quotient
Protein (4)
Ethanol (7) *but NO nutrients
Fat (9) * but low respiratory quotient

Front 5

Equation for Body Mass Index with Cutoffs

Back 5

Weight (kg) / height (m) squared

Weight (lbs) x 704 / Height (in) squared

18.5-24.9 desirable

over 30 - obese

Front 6

Keq equation and implication spontaneous rxn

Back 6

Keq = [product]/[reactants] @ equilibrium

greater than 1 indicates a spontaneous rxn

Front 7

Gibbs free energy - relation to Keq and value needed for spontaneous rxn

Back 7

∆G must be negative for spontaneous rxn

if Keq > 1, ∆G is negative and rxn is exergonic and spontaneous

Front 8

Equation for ∆G in terms of ∆H and ∆S

Back 8

∆G = ∆H - T∆S

to produce -∆G you want small (even better if negative) ∆H and large ∆S

Front 9

Equation for ∆G in terms of electron transfer and voltage

Back 9

∆G = - (nF∆E)

n = # electrons transferred

∆E = change in voltage - you want it to be POSITIVE

*this is where you combine half redox reactions*

Front 10

How does GST work, why does this suck, and how can it be inhibited

Back 10

GST is a homodimeric enzyme upregulated in tumors that binds xenobiotics (like cancer therapeutics) in the cleft btwn its 2 homodimers and inactivates them. Bivalent synthetic inhibitors of GST bind to both active sites in the cleft of the homodimer and prevent GST from interfering with chemotherapy.

Front 11

What is Allopurinol?

Back 11

Allopurinol is a synthetic drug that binds to the active site of xanthine oxidase and prevents it from oxidizing xanthine to urate, and thereby preventing GOUT. This is just an example of an enzyme inhibitor.

Front 12

Michaelis Menton Graph

(When to use it, Equation for Km and what that means)

Back 12

Use it for allosteric inhibitors and activators (or any other noncompetitive modes of activation inhibition).

Km = [S] at 1/2 Vmax

Km is inversely proportional to the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate. As the affinity increases (via allosteric activation) the velocity will increase and the MM curve will shift left. This will reduce the value of Km at 1/2 Vmax. This reflects an effective increase in affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

Front 13

Lineweaver Burke plot

(when to use it, Equation for slope, Y intercept, and X intercept, and what these mean)

Back 13

This is used to look at competitive inhibition

Slope = Km/Vmax
Y intercept = 1/Vmax (doesn't change - acts as a pivot for the line)
X intercept = -1/Km

*following competitive inhibition, the Km increases b/c the affinity of enzyme for substrate effectively decreases. Vmax remains the same, and therefore Km/Vmax (slope) increases (has to mathematically).
*The slope increased, but Y intercept stayed the same, and so X intercept (-1/Km) moved closer to zero (increased).

Front 14

What is erythropoeitin (EPO)? Who uses it?

Back 14

EPO is a hormone that promotes RBC production by calling the precursors out of the marrow and talking them into differentiating. People with kidney failure induced anemia, as well as people looking to "win, and win" take it. There are 3 different forms - the endogenous one, a recombinant human one, and a hyperglycosylated analog (NESP/Darbepoetin).

Front 15

What are the major differences btwn the three types of EPO?

Back 15

1. Endogenous EPO has 3-9 sialic acids (sialic acids increase the half life and RBC stimulation potency)
2. RHumEPO has 9-14 sialic acids, with increased half life and RBC stimulation, BUT has poorer binding to the EPO receptor
3. NESP/Darbepoetin (Amgen) was generated via site directed mutagenesis and has up to 22 sialic acid residues. Has really long half-life and increased RBC stimulation, nad higher in vivo bioactivity that either of the other 2.