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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does breast cancer develop
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cells of acini, lactiferous ducts, lobules
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How do breast tumors spread
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lymphatics, veins, or direct invasion
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staging a tumor considers what 4 things
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1) size of primary tumor 2) site of primary tumor 3) number and sites of lymph node spread 4) organs the tumor may have spread to
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extracellular fluids
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interstitial fluid, blood, lymph
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buffer definition
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mixture of undissociated acid and its conjugate base; resists changes in pH
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buffer effectiveness
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1) pKa relative to pH of solution 2) concentration
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moles of acid produced per day
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13-22 mol/day
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water ratio intracellular:extracellular
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60%:40%
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average hydrogen bond between water molecules lasts…
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10 picoseconds
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length water in hydration shell of an ion stays
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2.4 nanoseconds
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body water breakdown
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25 L intracellular, 15 L extracellular (10 L interstitial, 5 L blood)
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strength of h bond compared to O-H bond in water
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one twentieth
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electrolytes in ECF
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Na+ and Cl-
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electrolytes in ICF
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K+ and phosphates (HPO4--)
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osmolarity of ECF and ICF
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290 mOsm/kg water
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Source of sulfuric acid
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dietary sulfate and S-containing aa's (completely dissociates)
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source of carbonic acid
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CO2 and TCA cycle (pKa 3.8)
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source of lactic acid
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anaerobic glycolysis (pKa 3.73)
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source of citric acid
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TCA cycle and diet (pKa's 3.13, 4.76, 6.4)
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source of acetoacetic acid
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fatty acid oxidation and ketone bodies (pKa 3.62)
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source of Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid
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fatty acid oxidation and ketone bodies (pKa 4.41)…although it is NOT a ketone, it is a ketone body
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source of acetic acid
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ethanol metabolism (pKa 4.76)
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source of dihydrogen phosphate
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dietary organic phosphates (pKa 6.8)
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source of ammonium ion
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dietary nitrogen containing compounds (pKa 9.25)
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high or low Ka more likely to dissociate aa proton
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high
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aspirin's initial affect on pH
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respiratory alkalosis (followed by complex metabolic acidosis)
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salicylic acid pKa
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3.5
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salicylate interferes with mitochondria resulting in…
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increased CO2 production and acculmulation of lactate and other organic acids in the blood
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high or low pKa indicates stronger acid
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low
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dissolved concentration of CO2 compared to concentration of carbonic acid
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400 CO2:1 carbonic acid
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kussmaul's breathing
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exhaling CO2 by breathing deeply and frequently
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minimum urinary pH
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5.0 pH
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why is ammonia kept in low concentrations in the blood
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toxic to neural tissues
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definition of diabetes mellitus
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glucose >126 mg/dL after overnight fasting (normal <100)
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