Bioc - Amino Acid Metabolism (Old)

Front 1

Pepsin location

Back 1

stomach

Front 2

Aminopeptidase location

Back 2

intestinal cell membrane

Front 3

Transaminase Function

Back 3

Transfer alpha-amino from AA to alpha-keto acid

Front 4

Three Transaminase Reactions

Back 4

1. Aspartate -- OAA
2. alpha-KG -- Glutamate
3. Alanine -- Pyruvate

Front 5

Glutamate Dehydrogenase Function (3)

Back 5

1. Oxidative deamination of Glu releasing NH4+
2. Alpha-KG produced
3. NAD+ or NADP+ reduced

Front 6

NH4 Release "Cycle"

Back 6

1. Any AA, TA, alpha-keto acid
2. a-KG takes NH3 --> Glu
3. Glu, GDH, a-KG + NH4 &NADH/NADPH

Front 7

Deamination Special Cases

Back 7

AA with OH group can be directly deaminated, by Ser/Thr Dehydratase
1. Dehydration, form C=C
2. Hydration + Oxidation, NH4 released

Front 8

Urea Cycle

Back 8

0. NH4 from TA & GDH
1. NH4+CO2, Synthetase, Carbamoyl-(P)
2. Ornitine + Carbamoyl-(P) --> Citrulline
3. Citrulline + Asp --> Argininosuccinate
4. Arginosuccinate --> Arg + Fumarate
5. Arg + H2O --> Ornitione + Urea

Front 9

Urea Cycle, which RXN in Mitochondria

Back 9

Carbamoyl-(P) + Ornitine --> Citrulline
*Citrullin then enters cytoplasm

Front 10

Urea Cycle, source of Nitrogen (2)

Back 10

1. NH4/Carbamoyl-(P)
2. Aspartate

Front 11

Fumarate from Urea Cycle

Back 11

Fumarate --> Malate --> OAA --> Aspartate (returns to Urea Cycle)

Front 12

AA Catabolism, 3-C group (3, 2, 1) & intermediates

Back 12

3C- Ala, Ser, Cys
Gly (Ser) & Thr (Aminoacetone)
Trp (Ala)

Front 13

AA Catabolism, 3-C Entry Point and G/K

Back 13

Pyruvate, Glucogenic

Front 14

AA Catabolism, 4-C Linear OAA Group

Back 14

Asp, Asn
Asn hydrolyzed to Asp by asparaginase

Front 15

AA Catabolism, 4-C Linear OAA Group, Entry and G/K

Back 15

Asp + a-KG <=> OAA + Glu
OAA, Glucogenic

Front 16

AA Catabolism, 4-C Linear Succinyl Coa Group

Back 16

Met, Val, Ile

Front 17

AA Catabolism, 4-C Linear Succinyl Coa, Entry and G/K

Back 17

Met/Val/Ile -> Propionyl CoA --> Methylmalonyl CoA --> Succinyl CoA
*MethylMalonyl CoA mutase, unusual C2 to C3 isomerization
*B12 Derv, Methylcobalamine (1/2)

Front 18

Pernicious Anemia

Back 18

Intrisic Factor dfcn --> cobalamin absorption dfcn --> can't make purine and thymine --> Anemia

Front 19

AA Catabolism, 5-C Group

Back 19

Gln, Pro, Arg, His

Front 20

AA Catabolism, 5-C Group Entry and G/K

Back 20

Glu --> a-KG
Glucogenic

Front 21

AA Catabolism, Branched Group

Back 21

Leu, Ile, Val

Front 22

AA Catabolism, Branched Group, Entry, G/K

Back 22

TA, Decarboxylation, Dehydrogenation, Carboxylation, Hydration, Cleavage --> Acetoacetate & Acetyl CoA
Ketogenic/Both

Front 23

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Back 23

"Branched-chain ketoaciduria"
- Dfct. branched-chain dehydrogenase
- Managed by low Val, Ile, Leu diet

Front 24

AA Catabolism, Both Group

Back 24

Phenylalanine
Phe --> Tyr --> p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate --> Homogentisate --> Open Ring --> Mod --> Fumarate + Acetoacetate

Front 25

AA Catabolism, Both Group, Entry

Back 25

Fumarate (Glucogenic)
Acetoacetate (Ketogenic)

Front 26

PKU

Back 26

Failure to hydroxylate Phe -> Phenylketouria

Managed by limiting Phe intake

Front 27

Alcaptouria

Back 27

Inherited metabolic disorder
Absence of homogentisate oxidase, can't open ring --> homogentisate accum. --> enter urine & oxidize --> black urine

Front 28

10 Essential AA

Back 28

PVT TIM HALL
Phe, Val, Thr,
Trp, Ile, Met,
His, Arg, Leu, Lys

Front 29

Biosynthesis of Serine

Back 29

From 3-phosphoglycerate, oxidation, TA, dephospho

Front 30

Biosynthesis of Glycine

Back 30

From serine + THF, two-way

THF <=> N5,N10-Methylene-THF

Front 31

Biosynthesis of Cysteine

Back 31

1. Met + ATP -> S-AdenosylMet
2. Demethylation & hydrogenation -> Homocysteine *Methylcobalamine involvement(2/2)
3. Homocysteine + Serine -> a-Ketobutyrate + Cysteine

Front 32

Biosynthesis of Tyrosine

Back 32

Phenylalanine +OH

Front 33

Biosynthesis of Aspartate

Back 33

OAA transamination

Front 34

Biosynthesis of Asparagine

Back 34

Aspartate + Glutamine

Front 35

Biosynthesis of Glutamate

Back 35

a-KG transamination

Front 36

Biosynthesis of Glutamine

Back 36

Glutamate + NH2

Front 37

Biosynthesis of Proline and Arginine

Back 37

From Glu semialdehyde

Front 38

Nitrogen Balanced

Back 38

Healthy, all excess excreted
Intake = Excreted

Front 39

Positive Nitrogen Balance

Back 39

Excreted < Intake
- Growing or recoverying

Front 40

Negative Nitrogen Balance

Back 40

Excreted > Intake
- Fasting, low protein intake --> protein broken down for essential protein synthesis, nitrogen excreted in process

Front 41

Biomolecules from AA (5)

Back 41

NO, Creatine Phosphate, Glycocholate, Porphyrin, Neurotransmitter

Front 42

Biosynthesis of NO

Back 42

Arg + NADPH + NOS -> Citrulline + NO
*binds guanylate cyclase receptor, raise cGMP --> smooth muscle relax. eg. Viagra

Front 43

Biosynthesis of Creatine Phosphate

Back 43

Gly -> Creatine -> Creatine Phosphate

Front 44

Biosynthesis of Glycocholate

Back 44

Glycine + Cholesterol

*Bile salt, powerful detergent

Front 45

Biosynthesis of Porphyrin

Back 45

Glycine + Succinyl CoA

*part of heme
*bilirubin and biliverdin

Front 46

Biosynthesis of Neurotransmitter

Back 46

1. Tyrosine --> dopamine, norepinephrine
2. Tryptophan --> 5-hydroxytrypamine
3. Histidine --> histamine
4. Choline --> ACh
5. Glutamate --> GABA

Front 47

Catabolism of Catecholamine

Back 47

1. Oxidation by MAO (monoamine oxidase)
2. Methylation by COMP (catecholamine-O-methyl transferase)

Front 48

Simple Decarboxylation Examples (3)

Back 48

1. Histidine --> Histamine
2. Ornithine --> Putrescine
3. Lysine --> Cadaverine

Front 49

AA Biosynthesis Regulation

Back 49

Feedback Inhibition

Front 50

AA Catabolism Cycle

Back 50

Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> AcetylAcetoCoa
OAA->Citrate->α-KG->SuccinylCoA->Fumarate->OAA
OAA->PEP->Glucose

Front 51

Failure to Phe -> Tyr leads to?

Back 51

Pheylketouria