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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vagus Nerve
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Conveys info about the stretching of stomach walls which leads to satiety
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Splanchnic Nerves
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Conveys info about the nutrient contents of the stomach
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Duodenum
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part of small intestine adjoining the stomach
-1st digestive site that absorbs lots of nutrients -When distended leads to feelings of satiety |
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CCK
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Cholecystokinin
-Limits meal size -hormone released by duodenum 1)Closes sphincter muscle between stomach & duodenum so stomach fills more quickly 2)Stimulates vagus nerve |
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Insulin
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-Enables sugar to enter cells--Stored as fat & carbs
-Sugar shock:Diabetics get hyperglycemia -Increases before, during, and after a meal -High insulin levels suppress appetitite |
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Lipostatic Theory
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-Long term hunger regulation
-Fat monitoring system -Body's fat cells produce leptin: the more fat cells, the more leptin -High leptin levels=eat less, more active -Certain levels trigger puberty -High levels don't necessarily decrease appetite -People who are obese are less sensitive to leptin --Have genetic inability to produce leptin |
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Orexin
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-Cells in Lateral Hypothalamus release Orexin(hypocretin)
-Orexin stimulates activity & onset of meals -Cells increase release of Orexin only after prolonged food deprivation -Orexin motivates starving animal to search for food but has little influence on most meals |
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Arcuate Nucleus
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2 Inputs
(1)Hunger Signals:taste pathway, Ghrelin released (2)Satiety Signals:CCK release, insulin levels, leptin levels -Paraventricular Nucleus: Inhibits Lateral Hypothalamus -Melanocortin=Satiety -Neuropeptide Y=Overeating |
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Lateral Hypothalamus
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Lesions=decrease eating
Reponse: 1)Taste pathway 2)Facilitates ingestion, swallow 3)Increases responses to senses 4)Increases food seeking behavior 5)Increases insulin secretion 6)Increases activation of digestion (stomach secretions) |
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
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Lesions=Overeating & Obesity
Ventral Noradrenergic Bundle -eat normal but frequently -increased insulin-gain weight even with restricted diet -increased stomach secretions Increase set point for weight |
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Role of Sex Hormones
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-Estrogen stimulates growth of dendritic spines in hippocampus
-hormones promote reproductive behavior -Female:enable copulation -No estrogen=female genitals but no female behavior |
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Sensitive Period
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3rd & 4th months of pregnancy
-SRY protein differentiates gonadal tissue into testes -If female is injected with testosterone during sensitive period->Masculine behavior, inhibits female behavior -If male castrated->Promotes female behavior -Default setting is female -Genetic female that lacks estrogen during sensitive period doesn't develop female sex behavior |
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Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior--Males
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1)Medial Preoptic Area
--Sexual dimorphic Nucleus-- Larger in males than females --Bilateral lesions abolish male copulatory behavior 2)Lateral Tegmental Field --Some neurons only fire during copulatory behavior -Increased levels of dopamine during sexual arousal--Very high during orgasm -Endogenous opioids released |
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Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior--Females
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1)Ventromedial Hypothalamus
-Center for female sex behavior -Moderates Oxytocin release 2)Periaqueductal Gray -Mediates influence of Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
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Role of Hormones--Males
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-Testosterone-Promotes sexual behavior
-Oxytocin-Contraction of smooth muscles -Prolactin-Produces inhibitory effect on sexual desire -Refractory periods -Coolidge effect -Vasopressin-establishes long-term bonds |
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Role of Hormones--Females
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-Estrogen & Progesterone-increased sexual behavior during ovulation
-Estrogen-Maternal behavior -Oxytocin-Social interaction & maternal behavior-Contraction of smooth muscles-Establishes long-term bond - Prolactin-milk production |
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
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-Individual with XY but is insensitive to Androgen
-Develop as a woman without ovaries or uterus-testes stay internal -default to female -testes release enough estrogen to feminize the body |
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
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-Adrenal glands secrete abnormal amounts of androgens
-Males born with CAH develop normally -Females can develop externall genitals -1/3 feel homo/bisexual |
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Prenatal Events in Homosexuality
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Stress
-corticosteroid release decreases testosterone release -more stressful events reported by mothers of homosexual male child than of a heterosexual male child |
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Heredity in Homosexuality
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-50% of identical twins identified selves as homosexual
-19% fraternal twins -Higher incidence of homosexuality among maternal relatives of homosexual men -Perhaps genes that promote homosexuality are advantageous to reproduction |
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Biological Causes-Homosexuality
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-Too little testosterone in men, too much in women
-Male homosexuals are not masculines-Are feminized -Females are defeminized & masculinized -Prenatal hormonal exposure & heredity affect |
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Brain Structures-Homosexuality
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Homosexual Males Have:
-Larger Anterior Commissure -Larger Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Individuals Have: -Smaller neurons in 3rd interstitial nucleus of Anterior Hypothalamus |
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3 Primary Responses of Emotions
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1)Behavioral
2)Autonomic -SNS Increases, PNS Decreases -Mobilization of glucose, HR & Respiration Increase, Decrease in digestion 3)Hormonal -Epinephrine & Norepinephrine -Adrenal glands secrete steroid hormones |
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James-Lange Theory
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1)Cognitive Appraisal
2)Physiological Response (ANS) 3)Situations elicit behaviors 4)Brain receives sensory feedback from muscles & internal organs |
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Pure Autonomic Failure
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-report same emotions as others
-can identify some emotions of others -report feeling emotions less intensely |
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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-Emotions and then physiological response
-Internal organs are insensitive & not able to respond quickly -cutting nerves that give feedback from internal organs & brain didn't alter emotional behavior |
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Brain Mechanisms in Emotions
Right-Left Hemisphere |
Behavioral Activating System(BAS)
-Left Hemisphere -outgoing & happier Behavioral Inhibition System(BIS) -Right Hemisphere -socially withdrawn & less satisfied with life |
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Central Nucleus
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-Most important part of brain for expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli
-projects to regions of hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla -Responsible for behavioral, autonomic, hormonal responses -responsible for expression of emotional responses |
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Lesions to Amygdala
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-The effects of emotions on memory
-Flashbulb memories -The more damage to Amygdala, the less likely it will by that you'll remember emotionally charged memory |
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Aggression - Prefrontal Cortex
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-Faulty emotional regulation
2 Primary Areas in Emotional Regulation 1)Orbitofrontal Cortex 2)Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex |
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Role of Serotonin
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-Inhibits aggressive behaviors & risky behavior
-Tryptophan (in turkey) synthesizes into serotonin -Problems: not all depression is aggressive -Gene controls production of (MAO) which breaks down serotonin -People with gene have smaller emotion-related brain structure & under-active impulse control circuitry |
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Disgust
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-Provoked by bad taste or smell, or what we consider 'bad taste'
Neural Mechanisms -Insular Cortex-Primary taste region -Basal Ganglia |
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Happiness
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Heredity
-50% of momentary happiness -80% of set point for happiness Neural Mechanisms -Amygdala -Prefrontal Cortex-right ventromedial cortex is involved in appreciating humor |
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Stress
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-The action on a body of any system of balanced forces whereby strain or deformation results
Stress Response System -HPA Axis: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal Gland |
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Effects of Chronic Stress
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-Long levels of stress damage the Hippocampus
-Dendrite & Axon Retraction -Inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis -Long term depression--opposite of longterm potentiation |
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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1)Alarm Stage (initial response)
-Sympathetic nervous system arousal 2)Resistance Stage (Adaptation) -release of cortisol -anti-inflammatory -immunosupression 3)Exhaustion -resources depleted -damage to hippocampus |
