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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 common physicological/genetic traits that all life form share |
1. cell are with lipid membrane 2.genetic system based on DNA 3.common system of information transfer (DNA to RNA to Protein) 4.Protein Assembly from amino acid via translation by mRNA and tRNA using ribosomes 5. protein as a major structure and catalytic molecules 6.ATP as molecule of chemical energy 7.Metabolic breakdown of glucose via glycolosis to form ATP |
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what is the first prediction of evolution |
life of earth evolved from a common ancestor |
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what is lithified |
turn into stone -fossil |
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what is fossil record |
1. all fossil been discovered on earth 2.the information derived from fossil |
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What are the four reasons that make fossil record incomplete |
1. soft bodies preserved less than hard bodies 2.rare species are unlikely to be preserved 3.lack of sedimentation (small piece of rock buildup) 4.decay/consumption/destruction |
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what are the two ways to estimate the age of fossils? |
1.geologic column & relative dating 2.Radioisotopes |
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what are the benefits of geological column? |
geological strata arranged in order, formed "oldest=deepest" --> relative positions of strata with particular mineral characteristics worldwide allowed inference of geologic time scale -->allowed relative dating of fossil based on their position |
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what is the drawback of geologic column? |
geologic processes may move or destroy some strata after formation |
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how is the first evolution prediction been supported (3 points) |
1. some traits helpd in common by all life 2.changes in organisms present on earth overtime |
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what are the two types of radioisotopes dating methods |
1. radiometric dating 2.radiocarbon dating |
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what advantages that radioisotope have compraing with geologic column dataing method |
able to estimate the absolute age of fossil |
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what is the basic idea of radiometric dating |
use half-life of the radioisotope found in fossol or surrounding |
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what is the basic idea of radiocarbon dating |
C14 begin to degenarate into N14 when organism die- measureing the amount of remaining radioisotope allows estimation of age (with some errors) -to know how much C14 did it have originally-calibrate it by comparison to tree growth rings and egyptian mummies |
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what is the useful range of radiocarbon dating |
100-50,000 years |
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what is the error rate of radio carbon dating |
9-15% |
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what other idotopes out there? |
potassium/Argon - 1.3 billion yr half -life - range: 100,000 to 4.5 billion yrs |
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what are the improvement of radiometric dating? (2) |
-improved removal of contaminants of samples -expanded/improved calibration of radiocarbon rates |
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what are the benefits of improving radiometric dating?(2) |
-improve accuracy and precision for remains older than 25,000 yrs -error rates now less than 1% |
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what could we conclude from the study about homoneadertals and homo sapiens? |
1. two species were overlap in time 2.there's possibility of exchange in culture, gene |
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what and when was the first fossil record of earliest life form on earth |
cynobacteria - 3.5 brys |
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what and when was the first complex life form on earth |
unicellular eukaryotes = 2.1 byrs multicellular eukaryotes = 1.3 byrs |
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where can the first prokarytos found on earth today? |
stromatolites |
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is evolution evolutional? |
no |
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what are the two most important ideas of the second evolutionary prediction -" chianges in the organisms present on earth over time" |
-the first detectable traces of life on earth should be simple forms -only later would more complex forms appears |
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what other considerations should take into account when think about the two most important concepts of the second evolutionary predition? |
-less complex forms may presist for long periods (eg. stromalite) -individuals lineages may decrease in complexity over time |
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what are the examples of organism that reduce traits/ decrease in complexity over time |
planaria (platyhelminthes) - tapeworm (plathelminthes); Tapeworms is lack of digestive track, no pigments spot for detecting light compare to the earlier form |
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what we should see if the first prediction of the evolution (life on earth evolved from a single ancestor) is true? |
1. some traits held in common by all life 2.evidence of changes in the organism present on earth over time 3.evidences that organisms arise from previous organisms |
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what is transitional form? |
organisms that show a combination of traits or intermediate states between ancestral taxa and more recently derived taxa |
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what can you predict from transitional form? |
expect to find modified versions of ancestral forms, with some features of alter-evolved forms |
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what is one of the exmple of transitional form from the lecture? |
tetrapod evolution - Tiktaalik |
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what is tiktaalik |
the creature that evolved before tetrapod, it lived in an aquatic environment where these traits are all adapted in aquatic environemnts, but also allow them to exploit land |
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when was tetrapod first evolved |
363 mya |
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what is the key trait that lead to the evolution of tetrapod |
four limbs |
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what is the predictons tetrapd evolution base on the idea of transitional form? |
transitional form with some features of fish and some amphibians |
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when did tiktaalik first evoloved |
375mya - a bit earlier than tetrapod evoloved |
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what amphibian-like traits that tiktaalik have which allow them to exploid the land (4) |
1.neck 2.flat head, eyes on top 3.ear notches 4.fin skeleton (full set of ribs) |
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what is the purpose of evoloving "full set of ribs" favor in tiktaalik adaptation in land environment? |
support gut in gravity environment - it is essential to tetrapods |
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what is pre-adaptation, how it is related to transitional forms |
Transitional forms are organism that show combination of traits or immidiate steps between ancestral taxa and more recent derived taxa- pre-adaptation traits are the trais in transitional form - that organism have, which allows them to function in the current contxt, but by chance will also allow them to explot new environments. They don't evolve for the context. |
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what are the traits that were presented in the other example of transitional form, 'horse evolution' |
1. changes from multiple digits on feet to fused in tose 2.changes from small teeth to increased grinding surface of molar teeth (larger teeth) |
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what are reasons of saying that 'tree of life is not linear"?(2) |
- many evolutionary 'experiment' (transitional forms) eventually failed - many transitional forms went extincted, didn't give rise to the current organism -more of a 'bush' than 'tree' : many branches that didn't make it to the current time |
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what is vestigial trait? |
non-functional traits that are similar to functional traits in closelt related species |
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what are the inference of vesitigial trait? (why are they there?) |
they are homologous traits that were inherited from common ancestors |
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what is homologous traits? |
traits that are similar in more than 1 taxon because it's inherited from common ancestors |
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what supports the inferences of vestigial traits?(2) |
-found common anatomy in orgnisms with vestigial traits and the functional traits in closely related organisms - found common genetic / developmental pathways |
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give one explames of vestigial traits |
ariculatr muscle in primates- this muscle in primate are non-functional, but they are homologous traits (they have the same developmental pathways and anatomically similar) |
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what is aricular muscle? |
muscle at the back or above the ear |
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what is the vestigial traits in Dandelions |
the flowers in Dandelions are vesitigial traits - Dandelions are asexual reproduce (they don't need need flower) - - it has it only because it is homologous traits from the other asters species (sexual reproduction) |
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what is the vestigial traits in cave salamanders? |
the cave salamanders have non-functional lumps of darkened flesh in the same location as eyes in sighted salamanders - they are blind |
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what is the other vesitigial traits in human other than auriculate muscle? |
wisdom teeth were used for grinding in other primates, but reduced in human due to the litmited size of human jaws - paedomorphosis |
