Bioanthropology - Living Primates

Front 1

What are the two groups of living primates?

Back 1

1. Prosimians
2. Anthropoids

Front 2

Three main living groups of Prosimians?

Back 2

i. Lemurs
ii. Loris
iii. Tarsiers

Front 3

What are the general characteristic of Prosimians?

Back 3

1. small and most are nocturnal and arboreal.
2. Dental Comb
3. 2:1:3:3 Dental formula
4. Immobilized upper lips
5. Post-orbital bar
6. Grooming Claw
7. Tapetum lucidum

Front 4

Grooming Claw?

Back 4

Fingernail on the hand in lemur, nail curved around… same developement state as finger nail but curved... used for scent marking… to mark territory

Front 5

Characteristics of Lemurs?

Back 5

- 50 species
- limited to madagascar
- no competition for food or space

Front 6

Describe Adaptive Radiation

Back 6

Adaptive radiation is the evolution of a new species in a relatively short period of time

Front 7

What is tapetum lucidum?

Back 7

Membrane back of eye that allows light to reflect back (eyes shine… primitive trait)

Front 8

Loris characteristics

Back 8

1. Equatorial and Sub-Equatorial
Old World
2. Nocturnal
3. All have tapetum lucidum

Front 9

Two Groups of Loris?

Back 9

1. Loris
Slow and fast (quadropedal)

2. Galago

Bush baby (vertical peds)

Front 10

Characteristics of Tarsiers:

Back 10

1. South east asia
2. All are nocturnal
3. No tapetum lucidum
4. Three species
5. They are active hunters (so are loris)

Front 11

What are Anthropoids?

Back 11

Everything living or extinct that are considered monkeys or apes

Front 12

Characteristic of Anthropoids?

Back 12

1. Have a primarily tropical distribution.
2. Fully enclosed eye sockets – they don’t just have the bar, their whole entire eye is closed.

Front 13

What is the big difference between Prosimians and Anthropoids?

Back 13

Anthropoids don't have the orbital bar. They have fully enclosed eye sockets.

Front 14

What are the two groups of Anthropoids?

Back 14

1. Platrrhine
2. Catarrhine

Front 15

Characteristics of Platrrhine?

Back 15

1. Flat nose
2. Nostrils point up to the sides.
3. Exclusively south American and central american
4. Fully enclosed eye socket
5. Characteristic flat nose.
6. Prehensile tail
7. 2:1:3:3 dental pattern
8. Grasping hind toes

Front 16

Characteristics of Catarrhine?

Back 16

1. Down nose – nose point down…we are catarrhine
2. Aare only found in the old world
Africa and asia ...they are extinct in Europe.

Front 17

What does prehensile tail mean?

Back 17

means the primate is able to use their tail as 5th limb...very end of the tail has finter print, dermal pads. Helps them grasp on trees better.

Front 18

Which monkey is the only nocturnal anthropoid in the world?

Back 18

Owl Monkey

Front 19

Largest Platrrhine, known as "tree cows"?

Back 19

a. Hower Monkey...they are Lazy

Front 20

Two groups of Catarrhines?

Back 20

1. Cercopithecoids (monkeys)
2. Hominoid (apes)

Front 21

What are Cercopithecoids ?

Back 21

They are the old world monkeys who have adapted to many different environments

Front 22

Characteristic of Cercopithecoids ?

Back 22

1. Large brains (larger than plattrhines)
2. 2:1:2:3 dental formula (they lost premolar)
3. Tails – they are not prehensile
4. Ischial Callosity

Front 23

What is Ischial Callosity?

Back 23

leather skin ....butt pad that allows you to sit on rough surfaces for long time with out damaging skin.

Front 24

What is the key feature of Hominids?

Back 24

swinging under the branch. (monkey do it over, apes do it under)

Front 25

What are the differences in dental features between Hominoids and cercopithecoids?

Back 25

1. Y-5 molars in hominoid.

Front 26

Y-5 Molar Features?

Back 26

5 cufts (5 elevations),
They are good for crushing.
cheek side, tongue side.

Front 27

Bilophodont molars?

Back 27

4 elevations, it is in other primates and they are good for sheering

Front 28

What does Apes include?

Back 28

1. Hominoids Include all the apes
2. Orangutans
3. Gorillas

Front 29

Which ape practices monogomy and what is it?

Back 29

1. Gibbons
2. 1 male 1 female hanging out together. They do not pick up another mate.

Front 30

Which is the smallest of the apes?

Back 30

Gibbons

Front 31

What are the characteristics of Gibbons?

Back 31

1. Gibbons (smallest of the apes)
2. Six species
3. Live 25-30 years, in captivity 40 years (live longer but develop disease like us)
4. “monogamous” pairs
5. Females are dominant

Front 32

Two groups of Gibbons and their characteristics?

Back 32

1. Gibbons & Siamangs
-> inflate the sack, they make loud sound)
-> found in South East Asia
-> Arms longer than legs.
-> Females have different color (fem: black, male: golden. babies will shift color)
-> Thumb is very down
-> Fingers are curved

Front 33

Characteristics of Orangutan

Back 33

1. Two sub species.
2. Quadrupedal
Quadromendal
Sexual Dimorphism: males have cheek patches and sack.
Females and non alpha male look alike (without patches).

Front 34

Gorillas are the largest living primates. How many species are there? Where are they located? What is the alpha male called?

Back 34

1. 3 species ( Western lowland , Eastern lowland, and Mountain gorilla (larger than lowland gorillas)
2. Males are called silver backs the fur in their back turns silver.

Front 35

polygny?

Back 35

1 male and several females...seen in gorrillas

Front 36

dispersed Polygny ?

Back 36

one male controlling a large territory and you have multiple females living inside their own territory but living along the male's territory.

Front 37

Dispersed polygny is a common mating pattern in which ape?

Back 37

Orangutans

Front 38

Polyandry?

Back 38

one female and many males. Only see that mostly in south American primates

Front 39

Sperm competition ?

Back 39

have multiple male partners, instead of competing outwardly, the males fight for access to the egg inside the female. In this respect, you can say chimp are polyandres. One chimp female may mate with 4.

Front 40

What does Twining in Platyrrhine mean?

Back 40

every time they give birth, they give birth to two babies – probably genetic issue. Very small giving birth to giving birth to large male babies.

Front 41

alloparenting?

Back 41

of other people having to raise your babies. With the twins…the male sticks around to help the kids, which is big help. Aloparenting further evolves to brothers and sisters stick around to help out. Mother suppresses the offspring’s reprodcution system is supressesed. The elder offsprings actually chose to stick around

Front 42

Maternally philopatric in Hominoid?

Back 42

male leave the group, female living together are related

Front 43

Paternally philopatric in Hominoid?

Back 43

females leave the group, male living together are related