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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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directional selection
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selection moving in one direction
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natural selection
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mechanism of evolutionary change
-more individuals are born than can possibly survive -variation in the population -variation inheritied - |
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disruptive selection-
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averages of the population are not surviving
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stabilizing selection
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extremes of population not surviving; acts to eliminate both extremes
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intersexual choice
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female choosy about who she mates with; favors those males most attractive to female
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intra-sexual competition
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males compete/fight for access to territory and females; favors those able to win fights
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biological species concept
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species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED
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What prevents interbreeding?
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geographic isolation
ecological isolation behavioral isolation |
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Allopatric speciation
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geographic barrier ie founder effect
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parapatric
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areas are close, but they don't overlap
get hybrid zones |
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sympatric speciation
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no geographic differences; rare
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Gradualism
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slow
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punctuated equilibrium
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things happen rapidly ie environmental factors
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cladogenesis
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speciation
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anagenesis
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change within an evolving lineage
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cladogenesis
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one population splits into two descendent lineages; sudden seperation
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taxonomy
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naming species
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systematics
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grouping species
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phylogenetics
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tree construction
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cladistics-
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interested in derived features
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clade
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species that share a common ancestor as indicated by the possession of shared derived characteristics
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synapomorphy
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a derived character shared by clade members
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principle of pasimony
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favors the hypothesis that requires teh fewest assumptions
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homologies
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shared structures
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recognizing homologies
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same basic structures, same relationship to other features, same development
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monophyletic groups/clades
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consist of all group members sharing common ancestor
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paraphyletic groups/clades
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excludes members of the lineage
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polyphyletic group
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tells you about group convergence
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mammal characteristics
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hair
mammary glands endotherms 4chambered heart and iaphragm placenta specialized teeth modified jaw bones |
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monotremes
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lay eggs
shoulder and pelvis cloaca fur mammary glands |
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marsupials
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no shelled-egg forms
gestation 8 days |
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placental
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placenta; half are bats or rodents
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types of mammals
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monotremes
marsupials placental |
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Primate characteristics
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opposable big toe-grasping
prehensile hands nails hind-limb locomotion binocular vision- forward facing eyes-predators small litters long gestation long maturation large brain unique teeth tropical |
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Strepsirrhines
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Prosimian tarsiers
rhinarium nose structure-attached to lip left hind food-toilet claw tooth comb GALAGOS LORISOIDS LEMURS |
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Tarsiers
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no tapetum
nostrils separated from mouth by dry upper lip vertical clinging |
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anthropoids
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monkeys and apes
larger brain conserved dentition fused mandible |
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platyrrhines
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2133 dental
sanguines, tamarinds, aotus monkeys |
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catarrhines
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OWM and Apes
2123 dental |
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cercopitheocoids
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OWM 78 species
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Hominoids
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large brain
tailless biggest primates arboreal fruit eaters shoulder mobility extended life history ie gibbons, orangutans, gorilla, bonobo, chimpanzees |
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fission/fusion society
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a group of 150 or so will break off into smaller groups
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types of diets
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frugivores, folivores, insectivores, gumnivores
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gumnivores
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feed on tree sap; have claws
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ethogram
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study of primates and what they are doing through the day ie time spent foraging, travel, and rest
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how to counteract predation
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vocalization; living in groups
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solitary
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alone
ie orangutans and dispersed food; no predators |
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monogamy
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male/female pair bonding
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polyandry
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one female living and breeding with multiple males
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polygeny(alpha male gorilla)
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one male and many females
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polygeny
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multiple males; multiple females interbreeding
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female mating system
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invest heavily in their offspring; limiting resource is good nutrition
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male mating system
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don't typically invest in offspring; limiting resource in access to females
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lactational amenorrhea
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period of time when females must wean their young before they can reproduce again
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female reproductive strategy
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establish rank to create best situation for their offspring
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Linnaeus
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taxonomy; naming system
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Hutton and Lyell
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uniformitarianism--processes on Earth have always existed
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Lamarck
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inheritability--no arm yo child has no arm
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malthus
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too many people-struggle for existence-population increasing to quickly for available resources
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fitness
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a biological measure of reproductive success
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three preconditions for natural selection
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mode of inheritance
variation among individuals environmental pressure |
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darwin
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natural selection--> galapagos finches
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law of independent assortment
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traits are sorted independently
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hominoids
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apes
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hominids
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african ape
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hominines
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humans, bonobos, chimps
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hominins
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humans
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analogous
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having similar traits due to similar use but not due to shared ancestry
ie birds and bats |
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homologous
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similar traits due to shared ancestry
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convergent
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having similar function due to similar use but not same ancestry
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directional selection
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everything shifts in one direction
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stabilizing selection
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extremes are being eliminated; stabilizing average
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disruptive selection
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average is eliminated and extremes remain
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sexual selection
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intra-sexual and inter sexual
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intersexual selection
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favors attractive male
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intra-sexual selection
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males FIGHT!!!!
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allopatric speciation
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geographic boundary
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parapatric speciation
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large area; hybrid zones
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sympatric speciation
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no geographic boundaries
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fission- fusion community
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big group and then split into crazy ass small groups
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punctuated equilibrium
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sudden changes; sudden areas of stasis
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gradualism
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slowly progression of evolution
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mammal
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hair
mammary glands endotherms 4 chambered heart placental specialzed teeth jaw bones form inner ear |
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types of mammals
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marsupials, monotremes, placental
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Gorilla
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largest primates
eat fruits, leaves, plants silverbacks-->mature polygamous simple tools |
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bonobo
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longer legs, darker faces than chimps
arboreal, less aggressive knuckle walkers social and lovey dovey strong female bonding |
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chimpanzees
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arboreal knuckle walkers,
fruit, plants nuts some meat tool use males close social bonds-territorial fission-fusion society males- compete rank |
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primate ecology
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to grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce, primates must find food, avoid predators and engage in social relationships
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counteracting predation
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vocalizing
living in groups |
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r selected strategy
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large amounts of offspring; no care
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k selected strategy
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small amounts of offspring; more care
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social intelligence hypothesis
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necessity of large brains for primates to be social
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extractive/foraging hypothesis
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large brain necessary to attain tools
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theory of mind
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idea that you can understand that others are thinking something different and trying to understand this
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ritualization
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facial expressions non-random
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