Bioa11 Chapter 10

Front 1

the nervous system does what?

Back 1

receives, interprets, and responds to messages about the body

Front 2

Neurons:

Back 2

specialized cells of the nervous system

Front 3

neurons carry:

Back 3

Carry electrical and chemical messages between the brain and the body = electrochemical messages

Front 4

nerves

Back 4

bundle of neurons

Front 5

Central nervous system (CNS):

Back 5

composed of the brain and spinal cord

Front 6

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

Back 6

subdivision of the nervous system composed of nerves radiating out from the brain and spinal cord

Front 7

Nerve impulses:

Back 7

electrical charges that carry information along nerves

Front 8

Neurotransmitters:

Back 8

chemical messages released between nerve cells

Front 9

Effectors:

Back 9

tissues that respond to the nerve signals

Front 10

Sensory neurons:

Back 10

carry information toward the CNS (to the brain)

Front 11

Motor neurons:

Back 11

carry information away from the CNS toward effector tissues (from the brain)

Front 12

Interneurons:

Back 12

located between sensory and motor neurons within the brain or spinal cord

Front 13

Sensory receptors:

Back 13

detect sensory input

- They detect changes in conditions inside or outside of the body

- When receptors are stimulated, signals are generated and carried to the brain

Front 14

the two types of senses:

Back 14

general and special senses

Front 15

General senses:

Back 15

Temperature, pain, touch, pressure and body position (proprioception)

o Receptors scattered throughout the body for general senses

Front 16

Special senses:

Back 16

Smell, taste, equilibrium, hearing, and vision

Receptors found in complex sense organs in the head

Front 17

function of the spinal cord

Back 17

Functions as: the main nerve pathway transmitting messages to and from the brain

Front 18

the spinal cord serves as a:

Back 18

reflex centre

Front 19

Reflexes:

Back 19

automatic responses to a stimulus

Front 20

reflex arc:

Back 20

a circuit of neurons

Front 21

reflexes are pre-wired in a reflex arc (steps):

Back 21

1. Sensory neuron receives information from sensory receptor

2. Interneuron passes information along

3.Motor neuron sends the message to the effector (muscle) that needs to respond

Front 22

Consequences of Amphetamine use:

Back 22

- Heightens the CNS response causing increased alertness, mental focus, and euphoria

- Slows digestion and increases blood pressure and heart rates

- Can lead to permanent changes in functions of CNS

Front 23

The brain is housed in the skull and cushioned by:

Back 23

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 24

glial cells:

Back 24

They support the neurons by: supplying nutrients, help to repair the brain after injury and attack invading bacteria

Front 25

Difference between neurons and glial cells

Back 25

glial cells do not carry messages

Front 26

which is more prevalent? glial cells or neurons?

Back 26

glial cells

Front 27

many nerve fibers cross over each other to the opposite side

the Result of this?

Back 27

the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa

Front 28

the left hemisphere is:

Back 28

calculative and linear thinking

Front 29

the right hemisphere is:

Back 29

creative and spatially perceptive thinking

Front 30

the 5 primary anatomical regions of the brain:

Back 30

- cerebrum

-thalamus

-hypothalamus

-cerebellum

- brain stem

Front 31

the cerebrum

Back 31

controls language, memory, voluntary movements, sensations, and decision making

Front 32

the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

Back 32

- partial

- frontal

- temporal

- occipital

Front 33

the parietal lobe

Back 33

involves touch

Front 34

the frontal lobe

Back 34

higher thinking (planning, memory, impulse control) and voluntary muscle movements

Front 35

the temporal lobe

Back 35

auditory and olfactory information

Front 36

occipital

Back 36

visual information

Front 37

the cerebrum is divided into 2 hemispheres by a:

Back 37

fissure

Front 38

Corpus callosum

Back 38

connects both sides of the brain (and hemispheres) and allows communication between the two

Front 39

cerebral cortex

Back 39

wrinkled folded surface of the cerebrum involved in conscious activity and higher thoughts

Front 40

- relays information from the spinal cord to the brain (cerebrum)

- Is the 1st region of the brain to receive messages signaling sensations like pain and temperature

What is this?

Back 40

thalamus

Front 41

control centre for sex drive, pleasure, pain, hunger, etc.

Back 41

hypothalamus

Front 42

what releases hormones that control gamete production, menstrual cycle and those that regulate the production of sperm and egg cells (recall: LH and FSH) ?

Back 42

hypothalamus

Front 43

Cerebellum:

Back 43

controls balance, muscle movement, and coordination.

Front 44

Damage to this anatomical region results in rigidity and jerky motions

Back 44

cerebellum

Front 45

What governs reflexes and spontaneous functions like heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, and coughing?

Back 45

Brain stem

Front 46

the brain stem is composed of:

Back 46

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Front 47

midbrain

Back 47

deals with auditory and visual sensitivity in the brain stem

Front 48

pons

Back 48

relays messages between the brain and spinal cord (part of brain stem)

Front 49

medulla oblongata

Back 49

controls heart rate

Front 50

the frontal cortex is _________________ in people with ADD than in people without

Back 50

smaller

Front 51

damage to neurons can result in:

Back 51

permanent impairment

Bc: they don't divide = can't repair themselves

Front 52

Neurons are composed of: (3)

Back 52

- dendrites

- cell body

- axons

Front 53

Nerve impulse travels down the _______ of one neuron and is transmitted to the ________________of another neuron

Back 53

- axon

-dendrites

Front 54

protective fatty layer coating axons of many neurons to increase the speed of impulses

Back 54

Myelin sheath

Front 55

the myelin sheath are composed of:

Back 55

Schwann cells:

Front 56

white matter contains ________________ neurons which means that they have faster signal transmission and prevent sideways transmission

Back 56

myelinated neurons

Front 57

gray matter have:

Back 57

unmyelinated neurons

Front 58

Action potential is synonymous with

Back 58

nerve impulse

Front 59

Type of polar:

the difference in the charge across the membrane as the inside of a resting neuron is negatively charged compared to outside

Back 59

polarization

Front 60

Type of polar:

gated protein channels open along axon.

Positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and

potassium ions (K+) move across the membrane. (more positive)

Back 60

Depolarization:

Front 61

What type of polarity?

diffusion of potassium ions (K+) out of the cell; inside becomes more negative than outside

Back 61

Repolarization:

Front 62

synapse

Back 62

a gap between neurons

Front 63

neurons communicate chemically across the synapse

Back 63

Synaptic transmission:

Front 64

a special chemical that carries the nerve signal across the synapse to the other neuron

Back 64

Neurotransmitter

Front 65

Problems in neurotransmission (with neurotransmitters) may be linked to ______________________ _____________________- Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, ADD.

Back 65

neurological diseases

Front 66

Nonmedical use of ADD medications

Back 66

• Brain is rapidly drained of neurotransmitters.

• Slow rate of newly synthesized neurotransmitters

• Results in “crash”

• Exhaustion, depression, inability to concentrate, etc

Front 67

Gustation (taste) consists of detection of molecules dissolved in _____________

Back 67

water

Front 68

Olfaction (smell) involves detection of ___________________ molecules.

Back 68

airborne

Front 69

how would the movement of a nerve impulse be described?

Back 69

the passage of ions through the membrane of a neuron

Front 70

neurons that carry information to the CNS

Back 70

sensory neurons

Front 71

structures that can be classified as effectors

Back 71

body tissues