Bio525Test1_Lect9

Front 1

List the 3 muscle fiber types

Back 1

1) slow oxidative
2) intermediate
3) fast oxidative

Front 2

List the characteristics associated with slow oxidative muscle fibers

Back 2

-made for marathon runners
-anaerobic respiration
speed=slow
myoglobin=high
glycogen=low
fatiguabililty=slow
fiber size=small
amnt mitochondria=high
amnt capillaries=hig

Front 3

what is the overall char of the slow oxiogdative fiber?

Back 3

ATPASE is slow to breakdown the atp store so atp hangs around, has lots of pigment myoglobinto store the 02 for use over time, dont have much glycogen b/c you dont need much (could use aa, faty a, glucose for energy). Dosnt fatigue fast due to presence of energy, there are many mitochondria to generat the 36 atps of of one substrate. Delivers lots of oxygen due to large number of cappilaries.

Front 4

Describe the characteristics of fast oxidative fibers

Back 4

-sprinter has these
-speed=fast (breakdown of atp)
-myoglobin=low (Lw 02 store)
-glycogen=high (need lots to breakdown glucose since little mitoch/capillaries. this process leads to breakdown of glucose into pyruvate then to lactic acid.
fatigue=quick use up energy source easy to deplete glycogen
-fiber size=large
-mitochondria=low
capillaries-low

Front 5

describe the overall char of fast oxidative fibers

Back 5

fast oxidative fibers fatigue quickly due to high speed of muscle contraction and early depletion of energy stores. THe fibers are large, they move fast, but short distance. the fast speed relates to the fast breakdown of atp via atpase. There is little storage of 02, few capillaries for delivery and small amnt of mitochondria for energy production and sugeests that aerobic respiration is difficult. The other way of generating atp is via anaerobic metabolism or glycolosis which id breakdown of glucose to lactic acid, producing limited atp (2).

Front 6

what are the 5 roles of the RENAL SYSTEM?

Back 6

1)acid base balance- "renal compensation"
2) body volume regulation (blood volume and bp)
3) removal of (endproducts of metabolism(=by products
waste)
4) maintains solute concentration, mainly sodium
5) Removal of foreign substances (drug metabolism)

Front 7

what are 3 controlling systems of acid base balance in the body?

Back 7

chemical
kidney=urine is acidic kidney reabsorbs hco3 and eliminates h+ or visa versa
respiratory

Front 8

draw diagrahm relating
blood vol in L to ecf
(maintanance of blood volume is related to blood pressure.

Back 8

8

Blood
Vol (L)

0 ________________
0 15 25
ECF (L)

Front 9

what percentage of body mass is fluid?
what is total blood vol?

what % is ecf/icf?

Back 9

60 % of body mass (70 kg) is fluid=42L is fluid.

blood volume is 5-6L

40% of fluid is intracellular=28L
20% of fluid is extracellular=14L

Front 10

Renal controls sodium, hence volume, hence pressure. NA and CL is predominately extracellular

Back 10

You can increase your ECF so much with a linear rise in blood volume, until a certain point is reached. Once you overcome osmotic pressure, all you get is edema-no more staying in blod.

Front 11

What 2 things must be present for normal physiological fx of the kidney

Back 11

BLOOD FLOW TO THE KIDNEY

FILTRATION OF BLOOD TO FORM FILTRATE

Front 12

Name organs in order in terms of highest blood flow to lowest stating % of cardiac output.

Back 12

1) kidneys=20% blood flow=
360ml/min/100gm of tissue
2) brain= 14% blood flow=
50ml/min/100gm tissue
3) heart= 4% blood flow=
70 ml/min/100gm tissue
4) adrenals=0.5% blood flow=
300 ml/min/100 gm tissue

Front 13

if patients wt 70kg, and co 5L/min, what % will go to kidney? howmany ml/min?

Back 13

20% goes to kidney=
1L/min

Front 14

co is 4L/min, 70 kg? what goes to kidney?

Back 14

20%=.8L or 800 ml/min

Front 15

describe the structure of the kidney

Back 15

-outer cortex, surrounded by a renal capsule
-inner renal medulla contains renal pyramids (series of wedges that contain the nephron.
-osmolality from cortex to medullary level (cortex is close to blood=290-300 mOsm) and gets more conc as you go in

Front 16

describe the nephron

Back 16

-functional unit of the kidne
-1.2 million of them
- there are subunits that all contribute to the formation of urine
-there are two types

Front 17

name the subunits of the nephron

Back 17

-renal corpuscle
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of henly
-distal convoluted tubule
-collecting duct

Front 18

name the two types of nephrons

Back 18

-cortical=85%, extends partially into the medulla, superficial renal cortex, incl loop of henle. can afford to loose 60% until a prob
-Juxtamedullary=lie close to and extend deep into medulla, inportant for urine concentration

Front 19

what is the function of epitheleal cells

Back 19

line various segments of nephorn tubules
=reabsorb sodium, secretes hydrogen, facilitates special functions of secretion and absorbtion.

Front 20

what is the primary function of the nephron

Back 20

regulates concentration of water and solutes via filtration of blood, reabsorbtion of solutes, and excretion of urine.

Front 21

what is process that activates need to pee

Back 21

renal pelvis flows to ureter-bladder-stretch receptors in bladder are activated and signal the brain to go to the bathroom. ult forces release.

Front 22

describe the basics of the nephron

Back 22

an epithelial cell lined tube with dif types of cells which offer resistance or permeability to water or solutes, or both. the cells could be tight tight, or leaky tight throughout the epithelial cell tube.

Front 23

draw diagrahm relating
blood vol in L to ecf
(maintanance of blood volume is related to blood pressure.

Back 23

8

Blood
Vol (L)

0 ________________
0 15 25
ECF (L)

Front 24

Name the two types of nephrons

Back 24

cortical 60 % includes loop of henle, doesnt go to deep in medulla
juxtamedullary
goes very deep
important for concentration of urin

Front 25

name the three regions of the nephron

Back 25

proximal region
=composed of the
1)renal corpuscle (glomerular capillary tuft surrounded by the bowmans capsule)
2) the proximal tubule portion of the renal tubule. =leads to descending limb of the loop of h

Front 26

name the three regions of the nephron

Back 26

Region 2
=LOOP OF HENLE
-jets out of proximal convoluted tubule, composed of two limbs
1) descending limb
2) ascending limb
ascending is thin leading into thick which turns into distal tubule

Front 27

name the three regions of the nephron

Back 27

REGION #
=Distal tubule
-contains straight and convoluted segments.
-folds in order to make contact with the arteriole system in order to recieve signals/hormones which regulate reabsorbtion.
-fits into groove btw afferent and efferent arterioles, it extends from macula densa to the collecting duct

Front 28

name the three regions of the nephron

Back 28

REGION 3
also contains the collecting duct
-have thousands

Front 29

describe the filtrate pathway

Back 29

Call urine filtrate until it leaves the collecting duct. When it leaves the cd, it is urine.
Filtrate pathway: Bowman’s capsuleproximal tubuledescending limbascending limbdistal tubulecollecting duct

Front 30

nameBlood flow/vessels around the nephron

Back 30

Renal arteryafferent arteriolecapillary bedglomerulus (pretzel like looking thing)efferent arteriole (**this is only cell that goes from arteriole to capillary and back to another arteriole)to another capillary bed (the vasa recta—down deep in medulla)vasa recta drains into venulerenal vein.

**Blood flow in the vasa recta (overlying the loop of Henle) is counter to the flow through the loop of henle (Filtrate)—very IMPORTANT!

Front 31

describe basement membrane

Back 31

Collegen and proteoglycans go together to make an acellular membrane
-Tight junctions
Leaky tight junctions
Generally epithelial cells are polarized meaning there is a charge difference from one side of the cell to the other side of the cell.


Basemenet membrane is negatively charged due to the proteoglycans. What is the charge of the big proteins. =neg. so, proteins do not cross the membrane!!!
Stopped with the renal stuff
Basement membrane:
A. acellular (is not made of cells; is made of collagen, etc);
B. negative charge 
C. Between epithelial cells and endothelial cells
-made up of collagen and proteoglycans (these are negatively charged; so overall basement membrane is negatively charged)
-only excludes 2 things: really big things and things that have negative charge
-Stops stuff that is large AND negatively charged (could probably be + chrgd, but we don’t really have large + charge things in our body)
-Everything else will cross
-Cl- will cross (anions will cross if they are small enough. They are not repelled by the negative charge on the basement membrane.)
-Most proteins are negative get repelled by basement membrane due to charge and size

Front 32

Describe the Glomerular filtration membrane

Back 32

-filters blood through 3 layers
layers=
1)inner capillary endothelium=cells in contact with the basement membrane and line the blood vessels
2) middle basement membrane
=selectively permeable (inhibits plasma proteins)
3) outer layer of capillary epithelium
=faces bowmans space, specialized cells called podocytes with radiating pedicles which adhere to basement membrane.

Front 33

what is the function of the glomerular filtration membrane?

Back 33

separates the blood of the glomerular cappilaries from the fluid in the bowmans capsule. glomerular filtrate passes through the three layers and forms urine

Front 34

draw the glomerular filtration membrane along with the membranes of the epitheleal luminal cells and interstitioum

Back 34

here