Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Why study invasive species? |
It's the second largest contributer to biodiversity loss |
|
|
|
What are invasive species? |
Species introduced by humans, spread outside natural distribution area threatens biodiversity |
|
|
|
How/why do species spread out of their natural ranges? |
|
|
|
|
Are all inv sp successful? |
Not all are successful - "The rule of ten": - Imported --> 10% introduced - Introduced --> 10% established - Established --> 10% invasive |
|
|
|
Why are some inv sp so successful? |
Can be due to different reasons: - Phenotypic plasticity - Enemy release - Has gone through a bottleneck at introduction |
|
|
|
When does local adaptation matter? |
At extreme events: these are likely more detrimental for invasive species, e.g. forest fires. |
|
|
|
How are small pops limited in their spread? |
- They are dependent on propagule pressure for establishment - An ontogenetic strategy, e.g. apomixing, may limit gene diversity - But mutliple intro might increase gene diversity |
|
|
|
How can management be performed depending on what stage the invasion is on? |
STAGE 1: Establishment --> Eradication possible. STAGE 2: Spread, adaptation, hybridization, leading to ecological effects --> Control possible. |
|
|
|
How does propagule pressure affect the inv sp establishment & spread? |
The propagule pressure is a continuum, with greater pressure leading to increased chance of establishment & spread with shorter time lag |
|
|
|
Invasions at a temporal scale, how does it look? |
The pressure from inv sp estblishing is increasing more and more with time |
|
|
|
What spatial patterns/trends can be seen in inv sp spread? |
Marine inv sp have hotspots which tend to be at the same latitud. A horizontal spread pattern is seen, has to do with climate regions: species tend to spread to a similar climate. Pathways of marine invaders corresponds with global shipping traffic. Mediterranean an area with major no. inv sp. |
|
|
|
Why hasn't the comb jelly established in for e.g. Sweden? |
The comb jelly spreads with ballast water from warmer waters, therefore it dies off when the winter comes. But each year there's a reintroduction, eventually there might be a pop which can survive the winter... |
|
|
|
What contributes to invasions, what kind of invaders does these factors lead to? |
Tolerance & plasticity, selfing or cloning --leads to--> General-purpose genotype
Several independent intros, outcrossing breeding system, genetic diversity --leads to--> Rapid adaptation |
|
|
|
How does spread via ballast water affect risk of establishment? |
The transport with ballast water imposes a selection pressure --> the 'strong' individuals survive, these strong founders increase the risk of establishment which can lead to rapid adaptation |
|
|
|
Does phenotypic plasticity always help with spread and establishment? |
No, this is tricky to entalge - it may promote directional selection, helping ind to move into & adapt to new environment, or it may delay adaptation. |
|
|
|
Why study inv sp from genetic perspective? |
- To assess current invasions; understand how they spread & from where - To use as models for understanding pop establishments (genetic drift, gene flow & hybridization, natural selection & adaptation) |
|
|
|
How study inv sp from genetic perspective? |
- Molecular identification, among introduced sp or between introduced & native sp - Distribution of genetic var - Reproduction mechanisms - Gene-trait links & implications - Eradication & control |
5 ways to study |
|
|
Cryptic/similar species can be problematic, how can we reveal if there's an inv sp in these cases? |
Through molecular identification, then we can distinguish between inv sp & native even if they are morhpologically similar |
|
|
|
How can we use the distribution of genetic variation to study inv sp? |
We can investigate the origin/spread of the inv species, see if it seems to follow the (1) bottleneck model - reduced gen. var. further away from natural range, or (2) admixture model - several diff introduction/bottlenecking events --> higher gen.var. --> larger surviving pop |
Consider different models for introduction event |
|
|
What reproduction mechs can be interesting to assess when studying inv sp? |
The strategies and the extent of apomixis/perthogenisis (since this influence the spread of a sp) |
|
|
|
How (why) can assessing quantative genetic variation help with inv sp studies? |
- QTL mapping provides info on what gene-trait interactions confer invasiveness - Help predict location of corresponding genes in other (inv) sp |
|
|
|
What's meant with "eradication & control" (as a tool for studying inv sp)? |
When an eradication has been performed, it's a good procedure to control after some time if eradication was successful and/or if there has been a new invasion. Also, through the genetics we can look into how to eradicate (control before) an inv sp as successful as possible, e.g. how much pesticide should be used based on pops tolerance. |
|
|
|
What must be considered depending on where within the pop individuals are situated? |
Behaviour may differ if the individuals are situated near center of the population vs range border |
|
|
|
Why might it be that round gobies are so invasive? What's the major problem they cause? Are there any sp benefiting from round gobies? |
They are robust & plastic: can handle different salinities & temperatures. Round gobies eat mussles - thus takes away a key species. Birds and fish eat round gobies, thus will grow big if round gobies are plentiful. |
|
|
|
In what different ways can invasion promote evo processes (in the invading sp)? |
- New interactions genotype<-->phenotype. Can lead to speciation - Environmental influence can cause inversions, creating new material for adaptation - Release of defensive traits an give rapid evo |
|
