Bio334 Exam 2 Lecture Ii

Front 1

In the case of the Larval tunicates when they mature into addults what is the purpose of sitting on a fucking rock?

Back 1

To show that in order to move we need nervous systems, if we didn't we could just digest our nervous systems as they require so much energy in order to function properly

Front 2

The areas of the brain which focus on attention

Back 2

The right frontal area, and the right parietal areas
Can't pay attention to everything focus on things that you need to and ignore everything else in order to accomplish objective.

Front 3

How does the nervous system prepare the body for movement?

Back 3

It plans movement in terms of objectives or goals, not aware of the effector to accomplish the task.

Front 4

When the nervious system plans movement in terms of goals there are many difficulties that arise. The lecture talks about maps as one problem, what is the underlining problem with maps?

Back 4

There is a coordinate system transformation of 3D to 2d that needs to be accounted for.

Front 5

Mercador vs Gnomonic projections

Back 5

Gnomonic are centered around the North Pole, while Mercador is just centered around the equator.

Front 6

What must the brain do in order for us to move to a point in the real world?

Back 6

It must convert joint coordinates into cartesian coordinates. It is non linearity is like a map.

Front 7

Degrees of freedom

Back 7

The number of independent pieces of info that go into the estimate of a parameter. Go up can't go down, up/down is one df.

Front 8

What is necessary in order for you to know where your body goes, position wise.

Back 8

Degrees of freedom, and spacial perception.

Front 9

How many degrees of freedom :
Shoulders
Elbows
Wrist
Fingers

Back 9

4
2
2
2 (not moving all)

Front 10

There are 10 degrees of freedom in your arms, and there is only the x y z axis in the real 3D world, how does yoru body compensate?

Back 10

IT ignores many degrees of freedom in order to accomplish the movement goal.

Front 11

While the problem to convert joint movement and degrees of freedom to the 3D coordinate system determination by effecftors, there is some advanatage of the excess degrees of freedom. What is it?

Back 11

That we are more adaptive to overcome obstacles that we encounter.

Front 12

When reaching for a ball, your back and leg muscles contract due to what....

Back 12

adjustments of center of gravity.

Front 13

What is involved in catching a ball
5 steps, one has 2 parts.

Back 13

see ball follow with eyes
prepare to make movements
adjust your posture before making the movement
Execute the movement by creating a signal, and keeping track of the movement trajectory using sensory signals from your msucles and joints (proprioception)
catch it.

Front 14

When we speak of movement being a parrallel proceess what do we mean by this?

Back 14

That it happens at several places all at once..ie. primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, Premotor cortex ect Basal ganglia and cerebellum

Front 15

When we speak of the committe decision of movement what are we refering too.

Back 15

We speak of movement involving most of the brain, and how it is a parrallel process that envelops many of our body's brain and energy.

Front 16

Because of the enormous amounts of sensory input caused by movmeent the brain makes up a model. What is the purpose of this?

Back 16

To better focus, the model of sensory signals it expects from a particular movement is ignored. The brain is then interested in unexpected sensory signals.

Front 17

Why does kicking a ball and getting a twitch feel so different.

Back 17

The ball is anticipated, yet getting a twitch is not and therefore the Nervous system focuses more on it.

Front 18

J.R.Flanagan Prediction turns motor commands into

Back 18

expected consequences.

Front 19

3 categories of movement

Back 19

Reflexes
Rhythmic motor patterns
voluntary movements

Front 20

Reflexes

Back 20

involuntary, coordinated patterns of mucle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli.

Front 21

Several activities that rhythmic neural circuits, central pattern generators produce?

Back 21

Repetitive patterns of movements like jerking off and walking or running ect.

Front 22

What is the smallest unit the nervous system can activate with respect to the muscles? And what is that defined as?

Back 22

The motor unit which is one motoneuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

Front 23

How many alpha motoneurons doesw each muscle fiber receive input from?

Back 23

1

Front 24

How many muslce fibers make up each muscle?

Back 24

thousands.

Front 25

All the alpha motoneurons that innervate a muscle, that is made up of thousands of muscle fibers is called>>>

Back 25

Motor neuron pool.

Front 26

Alpha motorneurons that innervate the arms and shoulders are located:

Back 26

in the ventral horn of cervical enlargement c3-t1

Front 27

Alpha motorneurons that innervate the legs are... located...

Back 27

in L1-S3 in the ventral horn of the lumbar enlargement

Front 28

Describe from the presynaptic terminal of the NM to the contraction of the individual muscle fibers, how a contraction does its thing.

Back 28

Depolarization hits and ACh is released binding to ACh receptors in the muscle(post syn) cell allowing Na+ influx K+ Efflux and depolarization occurs.
AChase removes ACh from synaptic cleft.
AP in muscle cell propagates down T-Tubule hits sarcoplasmic reticulum that releases Ca+2 that bind to troponin causing conformational changes.
This moves the tropomyosin binding sites over allowing myosin heads to bind to them.
Myosin heads disengage and uncock converting ATP to ADP a myosin ATPAse.

Front 29

The act of contracting a muscle continues as long as there is Ca++ pressent, how does muscle relaxation occur?

Back 29

The sarcoplasmic reticulum uses an ATP driven pump, where the absence of Ca+2 causes troponin to recover the tropomyosin binding sites.

Front 30

Sarcomere

Back 30

The fundamental unit of muscle fiber contraction

Front 31

what is in...(at relaxation)
I - Band
H Zone
A Band

Back 31

I - actin
H only myosin
A band actin and myosin

Front 32

Rigor mortis

Back 32

Body dead, no atp, Ca++ leaks out, and Actin myosin bond and don't break because of the lack of ATP

Front 33

Muscle twitch

Back 33

The activation of a muscle fiber by a single firing of a motor neuron.

Front 34

What needs to happen in order for tetanus to happen?

Back 34

The frequency of AP must haeppen fast enough it must reach fusion frequency.

Front 35

How do we look at/study twitches,

Back 35

Theire size and speed
size in gms of force and speed in time to peak in m/s

Front 36

When a muscle contracts the force it generates at fusion frequency is considered.

Back 36

Maximum force.

Front 37

Fatigability

Back 37

How long a motorunit maintain its max force with fusions frequency stimulation.

Front 38

What are the 3 types of motor units

Back 38

Slow type I
Fast fatigue resistant Type II B
Fast Fatigable Type II A

Front 39

Which muscle units have high myosin atpase activity?

Back 39

Fast ones II a and II b

Front 40

Which muscle units have many mitochondria

Back 40

Slow and IIB fast ones.

Front 41

Which muscle units have high muscle fibers diamater and rate of fatique?

Back 41

IIa

Front 42

Which muscle units have big motor neurons

Back 42

Fast IIa

Front 43

What type of energy does Tyupe IIa Fast muscle fibers use?

Back 43

Glycolytic energy

Front 44

What type of energy does the Slow and Fast Type IIb use?

Back 44

THey use oxidative with lots of mitochondria aerobic respiration.

Front 45

When running a marathon, what happesn to your motor units, the innervations?

Back 45

The normal innervation of fast will switch to slow for endurance.

Front 46

How is gene expression linked to muscles and their innervations?

Back 46

Neural activity of motorneurons can change the gene expression of muscles, also factors released by the muscles can affect the expression of motorneuron genes!

Front 47

Size of AP for
FR
FF
Slow

Back 47

Slow has small ones,
then FR
then FF increasing in size.

Front 48

What is the size principle

Back 48

That the nervous system recruits motor neurons in order of theire size, slow > FR> FF

Front 49

Why do small motorneurons produce less force than bigger motorneurons?

Back 49

Because small ones innervate fewer muscle fibers and thus produce less force compared to larger ones.

Front 50

The size princple when recruiting neurons is because of Ohms law.. Please explain how this is so.

Back 50

Because the input injected to all of the motoneurons have the same strength, small motoneurons have higher input resistance than larger motoneurons, and therefore produce a larger voltage change. This large voltage change allows them to be active first as their epsps are higher because of the voltage.

Front 51

What dos uniform synaptic input garuntee?

Back 51

That motoneurons will be recruited from small to large because smaller have more resistence and thus more EPSPs.

Front 52

What is the advantage of size principle?

Back 52

That there will be proportional control when using muscles, the force generated by each recruited motor units is proportional to the current force.