Bio313 Lab Practical #2

Front 1

The 3 types of formed elements in the blood

Back 1

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

Front 2

the normal RBC count

Back 2

4-6 million per cubic millimeter

Front 3

individuals living at high altitudes have ______ RBC count

Back 3

greater

Front 4

life span for normal RBC

Back 4

100-120 days

Front 5

function of erythrocytes

Back 5

transport of O2 and CO2

Front 6

enzyme of RBC

Back 6

Carbonic Anhydrase

Front 7

normal total WBC count

Back 7

4,000-11,000 per cubic millimeter

Front 8

job of WBC's

Back 8

protect body against pathogens

Front 9

2 categories of WBC's

Back 9

granulocytes
agranulocytes

Front 10

name the granulocytes

Back 10

basophils
neutrophils
eosinphils

Front 11

name the agranulocytes

Back 11

lymphocytes
monocytes

Front 12

the largest WBC

Back 12

monocyte

Front 13

smallest WBC

Back 13

lymphocyte

Front 14

what are thrombocytes?

Back 14

platelets

Front 15

what are platelets?

Back 15

cell fragments of megakaryocytes

Front 16

what is the normal platelet cell count?

Back 16

250,000-500,000 per cubic millimeter

Front 17

what is hemostasis?

Back 17

stoppage of bleeding from a damaged vessel

Front 18

the formed elements of the blood are produced where?

Back 18

Red Bone Marrow

Front 19

What is the process of forming the formed elements?

Back 19

hemopoiesis

Front 20

the primary location of RBM

Back 20

spongy bone

Front 21

stem cell which all formed elements originate

Back 21

hemocytoblast

Front 22

what are myeloid stem cells

Back 22

hemocytoblasts form erythrocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes

Front 23

what are lymphoid stem cells

Back 23

hemocytoblasts form lymphocytes

Front 24

hemocytoblasts differentiate into these 3 cell types

Back 24

myeloid stem cells, lymphoid stem cells, and megakaryocytes

Front 25

the lymphocyte's job

Back 25

produce antibodies/immune system

Front 26

major type of blood vessel in Red Bone Marrow

Back 26

sinusoid

Front 27

describe magakaryocytes

Back 27

large cells in red bone marrow, large multi lobed nucleus, formed from hemocytoblasts

Front 28

the lymphatic system's job

Back 28

participates in the body's defense and resistance to disease, also sight for production and maturation of lymphocytes

Front 29

lymph node job

Back 29

acts as a filter to remove microorganisms and other foreign substances from lymph (also activation of the immune system)

Front 30

2 major regions of the lymph node

Back 30

cortex and medulla

Front 31

the cortex of the lymph node consists of this

Back 31

lymph nodules

Front 32

the lighter stained central region of a lymph nodule

Back 32

germinal center

Front 33

what is the germinal center of lymph nodules

Back 33

site of rapid lymphocyte division

Front 34

the medulla of a lymph nodule consists of these

Back 34

macrophages

Front 35

the cortex is a ________ stain than the medulla of a lymph node

Back 35

darker

Front 36

lymph nodules are found here

Back 36

outer cortex of lymph node

Front 37

this carries lymph to a given lymph node

Back 37

afferent lymphatic vessel

Front 38

this carries lymph away from the lymph node

Back 38

efferent lymphatic vessel

Front 39

this passes or filters through lymph nodes

Back 39

lymph

Front 40

this surrounds the lymph node

Back 40

capsule of fibrous CT

Front 41

inward extensions of the lymph node capsule

Back 41

trabeculae

Front 42

major pathway taken by lymph within the node is through

Back 42

lymph sinuses

Front 43

where is the spleen located?

Back 43

left side of body, just under diaphragm

Front 44

functions of the spleen

Back 44

remove foreign substances from blood
provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation
remove and destroy worn out blood cells from circulation
store some red blood cells

Front 45

medullary cords

Back 45

are small extensions of cortex made up of lymphocytes and plasma cells

Front 46

medullary sinus

Back 46

how lymph travels through lymph node

Front 47

concave side of lymph node where lymph leaves by efferent lymphatic vessels is called this

Back 47

hilus

Front 48

where is the thymus gland?

Back 48

in upper chest cavity posterior to the sternum

Front 49

thymus gland's job

Back 49

site for lymphocyte maturation
secretes hormones required for the body to mount an immune response

Front 50

2 major components of whole blood

Back 50

plasma
formed elements

Front 51

plasma

Back 51

non-living fluid matrix component of blood

Front 52

percentage of whole blood that consists of formed elements

Back 52

hematocrit

Front 53

Major function of neutrophils

Back 53

phagocyte, found where there is inflammation in the body

Front 54

Major function of eosinophils

Back 54

combat infection and parasites, also associated with allergies and asthma

Front 55

Major function of monocytes

Back 55

replenish macrophages and move to sites of infection

Front 56

Major function of basophils

Back 56

stores histamine, also helps with infections

Front 57

Major function of lymphocytes

Back 57

Important role in body's defenses

Front 58

Is a neutrophil a granulocyte or agranulocyte?

Back 58

granulocyte

Front 59

Is a eosinphil a granulocyte or agranulocyte?

Back 59

granulocyte

Front 60

Is a basophil a granulocyte or agranulocyte?

Back 60

granulocyte

Front 61

Is a lymphocyte a granulocyte or agranulocyte?

Back 61

agranulocyte

Front 62

Is a monocyte a granulocyte or agranulocyte?

Back 62

agranulocyte

Front 63

what is the abundance of a neutrophil?

Back 63

40%-70%

Front 64

what is the abundance of a eosinophil

Back 64

1%-4%

Front 65

what is the abundance of a monocyte

Back 65

4%-8%

Front 66

what is the abundance of a basophil

Back 66

less than 1%

Front 67

what is the abundance of a lymphocyte

Back 67

20%-45%

Front 68

describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a neutrophil

Back 68

nucleus: 3-7 lobes

cytoplasm: pink, fine granules

Front 69

describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a eosinophil

Back 69

nucleus: 2 lobed

cytoplasm: contains large, bright orange granules

Front 70

describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a monocyte

Back 70

nucleus: large, often kidney bean shaped

cytoplasm: faint light blue

Front 71

describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a basophil

Back 71

nucleus: usually 2 lobed, indistinct, hidden by cytoplasmic granules

cytoplasm: large purplish or purplish-black granules

Front 72

describe the nucleus and cytoplasm of a lymphocyte

Back 72

nucleus: round or oval, chromatin clumped.

cytoplasm: light blue, agranular. thin halo around nucleus

Front 73

the major function of the respiratory system

Back 73

gas exchange

Front 74

where gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system

Back 74

alveoli

Front 75

name for a connected series of structures during breathing

Back 75

tract

Front 76

the upper respiratory tract includes

Back 76

nose, pharynx, larynx

Front 77

the lower respiratory tract includes

Back 77

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

Front 78

inside part of the nose

Back 78

nasal cavity

Front 79

air enters the nasal cavity by

Back 79

2 external nares (nostrils)

Front 80

median that divides nasal cavity into Right and Left

Back 80

nasal septum

Front 81

the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity are called

Back 81

conchae

Front 82

3 conchae of nasal cavity

Back 82

superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae, inferior nasal conchae

Front 83

the nasal cavities lead into the pharynx through

Back 83

internal nares

Front 84

describe the pharynx

Back 84

passageway for both food and air (throat)
consists of 3 parts, the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Front 85

nasopharynx

Back 85

air passageway only, superior portion of pharynx

Front 86

oropharynx

Back 86

air and food passageway, middle portion of pharynx

Front 87

laryngopharynx

Back 87

air and food passageway, inferior portion of pharynx

Front 88

the major function of the respiratory system

Back 88

gas exchange

Front 89

where gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system

Back 89

alveoli

Front 90

name for a connected series of structures during breathing

Back 90

tract

Front 91

the upper respiratory tract includes

Back 91

nose, pharynx, larynx

Front 92

the lower respiratory tract includes

Back 92

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

Front 93

inside part of the nose

Back 93

nasal cavity

Front 94

air enters the nasal cavity by

Back 94

2 external nares (nostrils)

Front 95

median that divides nasal cavity into Right and Left

Back 95

nasal septum

Front 96

the turbinate bones in the nasal cavity are called

Back 96

conchae

Front 97

3 conchae of nasal cavity

Back 97

superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae, inferior nasal conchae

Front 98

the nasal cavities lead into the pharynx through

Back 98

internal nares

Front 99

describe the pharynx

Back 99

passageway for both food and air (throat)
consists of 3 parts, the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Front 100

nasopharynx

Back 100

air passageway only, superior portion of pharynx

Front 101

oropharynx

Back 101

air and food passageway, middle portion of pharynx

Front 102

laryngopharynx

Back 102

air and food passageway, inferior portion of pharynx

Front 103

larynx

Back 103

from pharynx, where air enters, also known as voice box

Front 104

cartilages of the larynx

Back 104

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis

Front 105

thyroid cartilage

Back 105

adam's apple

Front 106

opening of the larynx

Back 106

glottis

Front 107

glottis

Back 107

opening of the larynx

Front 108

this covers the glottis

Back 108

epiglottis

Front 109

the glottis is surrounded by these

Back 109

vocal cords

Front 110

thachea

Back 110

windpipe, air passageway that runs from larynx to bronchi

Front 111

the trachea divides into

Back 111

the right and left primary bronchus

Front 112

each primary bronchus enters its respective lung at an indented region called

Back 112

hilus

Front 113

primary bronchi divide into

Back 113

secondary bronchi

Front 114

how many lobes to the right lung?

Back 114

3

Front 115

how many lobes to the left lung

Back 115

2

Front 116

secondary bronchi divide into

Back 116

tertiary bronchi

Front 117

tertiary bronchi divide into

Back 117

bronchioles

Front 118

do bronchioles contain cartilage

Back 118

no

Front 119

larger bronchioles branch into

Back 119

terminal bronchioles

Front 120

terminal bronchioles divide into

Back 120

respiratory bronchioles

Front 121

respiratory bronchioles feed into

Back 121

alveolar ducts

Front 122

alveolar ducts terminate in

Back 122

alveolar sacs

Front 123

the entire branching structure of the airways is called

Back 123

respiratory tree

Front 124

conducting zone

Back 124

nose to terminal bronchioles, no gas exchange

Front 125

the volume of air contained in the airways of the conducting zone

Back 125

anatomic dead space

Front 126

the respiratory zone

Back 126

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli, gas exchange

Front 127

where gas exchange ocurrs

Back 127

alveoli

Front 128

these surround alveoli

Back 128

pulmonary capillaries

Front 129

major muscle of inspiration

Back 129

diaphragm

Front 130

this separates the thorax from the abdominal cavity

Back 130

diaphragm

Front 131

innervation of diaphragm is by

Back 131

phrenic nerves (from C3-C5)

Front 132

these are inspiratory muscles besides the diaphragm

Back 132

external intercostals

Front 133

most important muscles of expiration

Back 133

abdominal muscles
rectus abdominis
internal and external oblique muscles
transverse abdominis

Front 134

these are also expiration muscles besides the abdominal muscles

Back 134

internal intercostals

Front 135

where is the parietal pleura

Back 135

outside layer, lines cavities

Front 136

where is the visceral pleura?

Back 136

layer on lungs

Front 137

names of the left lobes of the lungs

Back 137

superior and inferior

Front 138

names of the right lobes of the lungs

Back 138

superior, middle, and inferior

Front 139

food pipe

Back 139

esophagus

Front 140

the trachea is lined with this

Back 140

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 141

mucus secreting cells among the cells lining the trachea

Back 141

goblet cells

Front 142

located in the submucosa, just beneath the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 142

sermucous glands

Front 143

the wall of the trachea contains this type of cartilage

Back 143

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Front 144

open portions of the C-shaped rings are connected by smooth muscle cells that form

Back 144

trachealis muscle

Front 145

the alveolus is lined with this type of cell

Back 145

simple squamous epithelium

Front 146

the surfactant secreting cell

Back 146

type II

Front 147

the organs of the GI tract

Back 147

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Front 148

the accessory digestive organs include

Back 148

teeth, tongue, digestive glands

Front 149

the roof of the mouth consists of

Back 149

soft palate and hard palate

Front 150

the extension off the soft palate

Back 150

uvula

Front 151

during swallowing, the soft palate ___________ to close off the __________ so food doesn't come out of your nose

Back 151

raises
nasopharynx

Front 152

these are located on each side of the tongue in the posterior portion of the oral cavity

Back 152

palatine tonsils

Front 153

this tonsil is located at the base of the tongue

Back 153

lingual tonsil

Front 154

the product of salivary glands

Back 154

saliva

Front 155

from the pharynx to the stomach

Back 155

esophagus

Front 156

the point where the esophagus joins the stomach is called the __________ which is surrounded by the _________

Back 156

cardiac orifice
cardiac sphincter

Front 157

superior part of the stomach is called this

Back 157

fundus

Front 158

the inferior part of the body of the stomach is called this

Back 158

pyloric region

Front 159

at the end of the stomach

Back 159

pyloric sphincter

Front 160

ridges inside the stomach

Back 160

rugae

Front 161

this structure covers the small intestine and most abdominal organs

Back 161

greater omentum

Front 162

layers of a tooth

Back 162

pulp cavity, dentin, enamel, gingiva

Front 163

name the four different types of teeth

Back 163

incisor
cuspid (canine)
bicuspid (premolar)
tricuspid (molar)

Front 164

what are deciduous teeth

Back 164

baby teeth, form at 6-8 months old, primary teeth
(20 of these teeth with no bicuspid teeth and only 2 molars)

Front 165

baby teeth or primary teeth are called this

Back 165

deciduous teeth

Front 166

deciduous teeth are replaced by

Back 166

permanent teeth, begin at age 7

Front 167

name the four lobes of the liver

Back 167

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe

Front 168

role of the liver

Back 168

produce bile

Front 169

where bile leaves the liver

Back 169

common hepatic duct

Front 170

where bile enters the duodenum

Back 170

common bile duct

Front 171

what does the gall blatter do

Back 171

store bile

Front 172

when digestion is not occurring, bile flows from the common hepatic duct to the _______ via the _________

Back 172

gall blatter
cystic duct

Front 173

artery of the liver

Back 173

hepatic artery

Front 174

blood enters liver through the _______, blood leaves the liver through __________

Back 174

hepatic portal vein
hepatic veins

Front 175

hepatic duct + cystic duct =

Back 175

common bile duct

Front 176

this produces most of the digestive enzymes

Back 176

pancreas

Front 177

in pancreas, this forms with the common bile duct as it enters the duodenum

Back 177

pancreatic duct

Front 178

organ that is posterior and left to the stomach, produces lymphocytes, filters blood, destroys old RBC's

Back 178

spleen

Front 179

job of the sleen

Back 179

produces lymphocytes, filters blood, destroys old RBC's

Front 180

falciform ligament

Back 180

separates the right and left lobes of the liver

Front 181

separates the right and left lobes of the liver

Back 181

falciform ligament

Front 182

tidal volume

Back 182

volume of air that is moved into and out of the lungs during quiet breathing

Front 183

volume of air that is moved into and out of the lungs during quiet breathing

Back 183

tidal volume

Front 184

ventilation

Back 184

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 185

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Back 185

ventilation

Front 186

hyperventilation

Back 186

CO2 is too low

Front 187

when CO2 is too low, this happens

Back 187

hyperventilate

Front 188

hypoventilation

Back 188

CO2 is too high

Front 189

when CO2 is too high, this happens

Back 189

hypoventilation

Front 190

hyprecapnia

Back 190

reduction of CO2, CO2 is too high

Front 191

hypocapnia

Back 191

increase of CO2, CO2 is too low

Front 192

name the 2 types of chemoreceptors

Back 192

peripheral and central
(aortic arch and carotid sinus, along with medulla)

Front 193

breathing rate is also known as

Back 193

frequency

Front 194

what is the break point

Back 194

point where subject can't hold breath any longer

Front 195

heart rate ________ during inspiration and _________ during expiration

Back 195

increases
decreases

Front 196

what is an enlarged thyroid gland called

Back 196

goiter

Front 197

what is a goiter

Back 197

an enlarged thyroid gland

Front 198

in the trachea slide, what is the layer underneath the epithelium

Back 198

submucosa

Front 199

what is the muscle at the top of the trachea slide

Back 199

trachealis muscle