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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens in interphase?
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Cell synthesizes new material
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What happens in prophase?
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-Chromosomes condense
-Two centrosomes move to opposite poles -Spindle starts to grow -Nuclear membrane breaks down |
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What happens in prometaphase?
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-Spindle attaches to kinetachores
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What happens in metaphase?
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-Chromosomes line up along middle of the cell
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What happens in anaphase?
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-Proteins walk chromosomes up the spindle, spindle disappears behind it
-Sister chromatids pulled apart |
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What happens in telophase?
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-Two new nuclei in one cell
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What happens in cytokenisis?
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-When the cell pinches off
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What are the phases of the cell cycle?
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G1, S, G2, M
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What happens in G1?
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-Growth 1 or gap 1
-Normal cell life |
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What happens in S phase?
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-DNA synthesis
-Chromosomes are copied |
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What happens in G2?
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-Gap 2 or Growth 2
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What happens in M phase?
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-Mitosis
-Division of nucleus, but not cell |
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What is G0?
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-Cell senescence
-Cells that are never going to divide |
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What is Meiosis?
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-Formation of haploid gametes from a diploid cell
-Gametes= sperm and egg -Sexual reproduction -Specialized process |
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How many phases are in Meiosis?
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2
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What happens in prophase I?
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Homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads
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What happens in metaphase I?
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Homologous line up
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What happens in anaphase I?
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Homologous chromosomes separate
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How is meiosis similar to mitosis?
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They do the same things (besides listed stuff)
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What happens in phase two of meiosis?
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-At the end of meiosis I there are 2 haploid cells
-Egg and sperm must meet to restore to diploids |
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How many diploids and haploid do humans have?
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-46 diploids
-23 haploids |
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Who was Griffith and how did he contribute to the study of DNA?
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-Ran an experiment with mice where he took two pneumonias and fed them to the mice
-One lived (smooth coat) and one died (rough coat) -Death pneumonia didn't kill the mouse, but the dead one infected the good one to turn in bad and killed the mouse -Can up with transforming factor idea |
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STUDY ALL PICTURES
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YAHH MAN
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What was Hershey and Chase's original experiment and how did it contribute to the study of DNA?
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-Bacteriphage= can transform bacteria, tricks cell into making baby viruses and replicating
-They made protein radioactive and mixed it with bacteria -The pellet was radioactive in the second experiment -Concluded that DNA is the transforming factor not protein |
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What was the second mission of Hershey and Chase?
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-To discover the shape of DNA
-DNA nucleic acid will form a chain -How does DNA self-replicate? -How can four bases account for all DNA? |
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Who were Watson and Crick?
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-1950s they played with nucleotides
-Found that G and C made hydrogen bonds and so did A and T -Rosalind Franklin helped them w/ x-ray evidence and Chargoff figured out that amount of A=T and C=G -Came up with concept DNA is a double helix |
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What do we know now that backs up Watson and Crick?
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-Backbone is sugar and phosphates and rungs of latter are nitrogenous bases
-Double stranded, everything runs conar to each other |
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What happens in anaphase I?
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Homologous chromosomes separate
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How is meiosis similar to mitosis?
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They do the same things (besides listed stuff)
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What happens in phase two of meiosis?
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-At the end of meiosis I there are 2 haploid cells
-Egg and sperm must meet to restore to diploids |
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How many diploids and haploid do humans have?
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-46 diploids
-23 haploids |
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Who was Griffith and how did he contribute to the study of DNA?
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-Ran an experiment with mice where he took two pneumonias and fed them to the mice
-One lived (smooth coat) and one died (rough coat) -Death pneumonia didn't kill the mouse, but the dead one infected the good one to turn in bad and killed the mouse -Can up with transforming factor idea |
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STUDY ALL PICTURES
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YAHH MAN
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What was Hershey and Chase's original experiment and how did it contribute to the study of DNA?
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-Bacteriphage= can transform bacteria, tricks cell into making baby viruses and replicating
-They made protein radioactive and mixed it with bacteria -The pellet was radioactive in the second experiment -Concluded that DNA is the transforming factor not protein |
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What was the second mission of Hershey and Chase?
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-To discover the shape of DNA
-DNA nucleic acid will form a chain -How does DNA self-replicate? -How can four bases account for all DNA? |
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Who were Watson and Crick?
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-1950s they played with nucleotides
-Found that G and C made hydrogen bonds and so did A and T -Rosalind Franklin helped them w/ x-ray evidence and Chargoff figured out that amount of A=T and C=G -Came up with concept DNA is a double helix |
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What do we know now that backs up Watson and Crick?
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-Backbone is sugar and phosphates and rungs of latter are nitrogenous bases
-Double stranded, everything runs conar to each other |
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What was discovered about bases?
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-Phosphate attaches to OHs
-3 prime= hydroxide with nothing attached, 5 prime= phosphate with nothing attached -Nucleotides can only add from pointy ends |
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What were the three hypothesis' about DNA bases and which one was true?
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-Brand new with an old
-Parts of new parts of old -Old strand opens up and each old strand acts for a template for new strand to match up to. Correct, two doubled stranded molecules one new one old |
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In what phase does DNA replication take place?
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S phase
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What are origins of replication?
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-Lots of bubbles
-Meet up to form two daughter DNA molecules -Start in the middle |
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What is DNA replication?
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-Strands unwind
-Semi-conservative method of replication |
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What is DNA polymerase?
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-An enzyme that reads the template strand adds complementary nucleotides one at a time to new strand
-Can only add a nucleotide to free 3 prime end -Puts together chain |
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What is Helicase?
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-Enzyme that breaks H bonds between base pairs to unwind helix
-Unwinds original |
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What is Ligase?
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-Enzyme that makes sure all the phosphate sugar bonds are glued together
-Solidifies bonds between sugars and phosphates on nucleotides |
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What is Primase?
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Enzyme that puts down RNA primer
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What are the leading and lagging strands and what do they have to do with DNA replication?
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-DNA polymerase can only add to 3 prime end
-Can only read template in one direction -Leading= read continuously -Lagging= read in backwards chunks |
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What is the role of DNA helicase in replication?
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Helicase goes through and breaks bonds between two template strands
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How is the old strand read?
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3 to 5 prime
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How is the new strand read?
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5 to 3 prime
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What are okazaki fragments?
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Ligase comes to tie these fragments together
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What happens next?
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-Polymerase add stuff, follows helicase in leading strand (3 to 5)
-In lagging strand 5 to 3 away from helicase, then jumps back -Ligase close gaps |
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How does DNA relate to amino acids?
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-ATCG=DNA
-Proteins made of amino acids -20 kinds of amino acids, but only 4 bases -If tripled= 64 |
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What is the genetic code?
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A triplet code
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What is protein synthesis?
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DNA-RNA-proteins-seqence of amino acids
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What is the stop codon?
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-No amino acid
-UGA, UAG, UAA -Stops process, does not code for an amino acid |
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What is the start codon?
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-Methionine
-AUG |
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What is a condon?
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Any grouping of three bases
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What are the basics of translation?
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-In the cytoplasm
-Ribosomes assemble proteins |
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What did scientist come up with to answer the question: If DNA is in the nucleus how do they get the message to the ribosomes with proteins?
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Concluded that it is RNA
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What is RNA?
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-Single stranded molecule
-Made of nucleotides, has the sugar ribose -Bases= A, G, C, U |
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What are the three types of RNA?
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-Messenger (mRNA)= carries message from nucleus to ribosome
-Transfer (tRNA)= brings amino acids to ribosomes to be strung together to make a protein -Ribosomal (rRNA)= makes ribosome with proteins |
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What happens in transcription?
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-Copying DNA sequence into a piece of mRNA
-Initiation= DNA unwinds, RNA polymerase binds -Elongation= RNA polymerase matches complimentary bases, one base at a time -Termination= reaches end of gene,, RNA polymerase lets go, mRNA done -RNA processing= introns removed, addiction of cap and tail |
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What is rRNA?
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-Two subunit organelle that reads mRNA and matches the correct amino acids to the mRNA codons with the help of tRNA
-Has an anticodon and a place to hold an amino acid -Ribosome will associate with an mRNA molecule |
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What is a codon?
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A set of 3 nucleotides that will be read at one time during protein synthesis
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What are anticodons?
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-Are complimentary with tRNA molecules
-Will bring amino acids to the ribosome where peptide bonds will form between amino acids and the protein will be made |
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What happens in translation?
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-Initiation= small ribosomal subunit bonds to mRNA so start condon is in the P site, initiator tRNA with anticodons associates with mRNA, tRNA is held in the P site
-Elongation= 1. codon recognition= next tRNA docks in A site 2. peptide bond formation= forms between amino acid in A site and one in the P site 3. translocation= tRNA leaves P site, ribosomes move tRNA in A site to P site, new tRNA docks in A site. repeatx3 -Termination= when A site reads stop codon no complementary tRNA so the protein is done, ribosome dissasembles |
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What is base substitution>
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A switching mutation
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What is base deletion?
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-Bad, takes a base out which changes stop and start
-Codon could be in the middle -Messed up pretty badly |
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What is silent mutation?
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Mutation without anything being changed
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What is missense mutation?
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Wrong amino acid
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What is nonsense mutation?
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Stop codon is inserted
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