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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four classes of biomolecules?
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Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
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What qualities do biomolecules have?
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They are organic compounds and Carbon based
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What is a functional group and what is it's function?
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-Accessories for hydrocarbons
-Give molecules their unique characteristics |
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What is a polymer?
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-large molecules made up of monomers, another name for a biomolecule
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What is dehydration synthesis and what is it involve?
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-Process that allows monomers to bind together
-A molecule of water is lost every time a bond is formed -Use it to make biomolucules -Between fatty acids tails and glycerol |
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What is a hydrolysis reaction and why does it happen?
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-Breaks bond to break down polymers into monomers
-Water is gained |
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What are the four possible structural differences in biomolecules?
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-Length
-Whether of not it has branching (arrangement) -Number of bonds between carbons -Ring structure |
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What are the names of the example functional groups in biomolecules? SEE DRAWINGS
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-Hydroxide
-Carboxyl groups -Carbonyl -Amines -Phosphate |
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What is the definition of a carbohydrate?
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Used by our cells for energy, energy molecules
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What is a monosaccharide and what are three examples of them? SEE DRAWINGS
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-Smallest carbohydrate, building blocks of other sugars
-Glucose -Galactose -Fructose |
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What do all these sugars have in common and what is different about them?
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All are C6H12O6, however molecules are shaped differently
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What is a disaccharide and what are three examples of them?
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-Form through dehydration synthesis
-Maltose -Lactose -Sucrose |
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What is a polysaccharide and what are three examples of it?
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-Complex chains of monosaccharides
-Starch -Glycogen -Cellulose -Chitin |
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What are the definitions of these polysaccharides?
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-Starch=storage
-Glycogen= in animal livers, storage -Cellulose= structural, helps cell walls be strong, fiber cannot be digested -Chitin= structural carbohydrate used by bugs and shrimp to make their exostructures |
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All long chains of molecules are made of....?
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Glucose monomers
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What is a lipid and what are three kinds of it?
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-Long term storage molecules, most are hydrophobic and non-charded
-Fats, waxes, oils |
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What is the simplest fat and what is it made up of?
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-Triacyglyceride
-Made up of a glycerol and three fatty acid tails |
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How is this fat made?
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Through dehydration synthesis
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What is a characteristic of a fat?
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Long chain of carbons with no oxygens
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What is a saturated fatty acid?
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-Has all single (fatty tails)
-Tends to be a solid at room temp. |
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What is an unsaturated fat?
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-Double bond (cause it to bend)
-Usually liquid at room temp, but can solid if put in the fridge |
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What is a phospholipid?
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-Main component of cell membranes
-Glycerol with two fatty tails attracted to a phosphate group with a negative charge |
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What regions does phospholipids have?
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-Hydrophilic region (phosphate)
-Hydrophobic (fatty tails) |
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REWIND. Polysaccharides. What do starch and glycogen have in common that differs from cellulose?
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Starch and glycogen are used in storage and cellulose is used for structure
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What are sterols?
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Steroid hormones and cholesterol
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What is a protein?
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Structural enzymes, used in communication, defense and storage
-Every protein has a unique 3-D structure that gives it it's function |
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What are amino acids and how do they function?
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-Building block of proteins
-A carbon atom bonded to an amine (R) and a carboxyl group -20 different ones and 20 different R groups making the way that they combine give the protein it's shape |
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What is the R group?
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A variable region that doesn't like water
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What is a 1st degree of proteins?
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-Formed through dehydration synthesis
-Chain of peptide bonds form |
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What is a peptide bond and what is a polypeptide chain?
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-Peptide bond= bond between two amino acids, C loses OH and N loses H which creates water
-Polypeptide chain= string of amino acids held together by peptide bonds |
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What is the second degree of proteins?
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Hold a bent form and have either an alphahelix or beta pleated sheets
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What is an alphahelix and what are beta pleated sheets?
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-Alphahelix= twists in proteins shape
-Beta pleated sheets= more of a fold in proteins |
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What is the third degree of proteins?
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-Functional protein
-Globular form -Shape determines function, and original amino acid sequence determines the shape |
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What could happen if you change one amino acid?
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Someone could get sickle cell anemia
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What is the fourth degree of proteins? Give one example.
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-Several 3rd degree combine to make a multiunit protein
-Ex. Hemoglobin |
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What is a nucleic acid?
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DNA and RNA, large polymers that store and carry genetic info
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What are Nucleotides?
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-Building blocks of nucleic acids
-Made of 5 Carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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What two things are in carbon sugar?
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-Ribose (sugar for RNA)
-Deoxyribose (sugar for DNA) |
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What are the nitrogenous bases?
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Urual, cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine
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What is DNA and what does it contain?
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-Has C, T, A, G (AT, CG)
-Deoxyribose -Double stranded molecule |
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What is RNA and what does it contain?
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-Has C, U, A, G (AU, CG)
-Ribose -Single stranded molecules |
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What is a plasma membrane and what is it's function?
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Protects from external environment
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What are the three main parts of cells?
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-Plasma membrane
-DNA -Cytosol |
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What is DNA?
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Genetic material
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What is Cytosol?
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Goo
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What are prokaryotes?
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-No internal membrane, no membrane bond organelles, do not have a nucleus
-Single celled organisms -Bacteria |
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What is a Eukaryote?
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-Has internal membranes, has a nucleus and organelles, internal processes can be compartimentalized
-Plant and animal cells |
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What is the different between a plant and an animal cell?
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-Plant= cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole
-Animal= lysosome, centrioles, flagella |
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What is a central vacuole?
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Storage organelle
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What is a lysosome?
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Digestive organelle
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What is the Tx of choice for Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia?
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-Adenosine (slows rate)
-Vagal man. or anti-anxiety meds too |
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What is mitochondrion?
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Produces energy
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What is the nucleus?
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Stores genetic information
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What are ribosomes?
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-Puts together polypeptide chains
-Site of protein photosynthesis |
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what are the two types?
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-Rough= folds proteins to make them functional
-Smooth= synthesis lipids and detoxifies drugs |
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What is the Golgi?
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-Modifies and packages proteins for transport out of the cell
-Makes lysosomes |
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What is Peroxisome?
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Similar to lysosomes, used in digestion
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What is a cytoskeleton?
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-Determines where all the organelles are in the cell
-Gives structure to the cell -Made of microtubules and microfilaments |
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What happens in protein production?
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-Nucleus receives signal
-Shoots RNA on a ribosome which then makes a polypeptide chain -Then goes to RER where it's turned into a functional protein -Part of RER pinches off and forms a transfer pod to protect it -Membrane fuses to golgi where it's processed -Golgi pinches off and attaches to plasma membrane where it's then released into the bloodstream. |
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What is another word for pinching inward?
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Blebbing
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What are microtubules and microfilaments?
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-Microtubules= form a frame work and make flagella
-Microfilaments= made of actin, extends plasma membran |
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What are the four types of cell junctions and what do each of them do?
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-Plasmodesmata= channels between cells, found in plants, allow for transfer of materials between cells
-TIght junction= provides water tight seal (two cells glued together) -Anchoring= rivets along membrane, also called desmosomes, when cells are stressed (w/o breaking) -Gap= communication gap |
