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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was Anthony van Leewenhoek?
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"Father of Microbiology"
Developed lenses to see bacteria; protists, sperm cells, blood cells... |
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Who was Louis Pasteur?
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Helped defeat concept of spontaneous generation. Swan necked flask exp. Rabies Vaccine. Contributed to Germ Theory of Disease.
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Describe Pasteur's swan necked flask Experiment.
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a)Nonsterile liquid, neck drawn out, liquid sterilized by heat.
b)Liquid cooled, liquid remains sterile. c)If flask tipped liquid contacts morgs in bend, morgs grow. (endospores-Cohn) |
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Who was Robert Koch?
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Developed criteria for defining disease causing agents- Koch's Postulates. Developed the Germ Theory of Disease.
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Name Koch's Postulates.
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1) Disease causing organisim present in animals suffering from disease and absent in healthy animals.
2) Organism must be cultivated in pure culture away from animal body. 3) Isolated organism must cause disease in healthy animal when inoculated. 4) Organism must be reisolated from exp and cultured again in lab, proven to be the same as org. |
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Give a definition of life.
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Prof. D- Any entity capable of directing the replication of its own specific genetic information. (Viruses are alive, but not cellular.)
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What are the 6 characteristics of cellular life?
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1) Compartmentalization and Metaboism.
2) Reproduction (Growth) 3) Differentiation 4) Communitcaion 5) Movement 6) Evolution |
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Describe cellular compartmentalization and metabolism.
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One of the 6 characteristics of cellular life. Cells take nutrients from the environment, transform them, and release the wastes into the environment. Open Systems.
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Describe cellular reproduction. (Growth)
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One of the 6 characteristics of cellular life. Chemicals form the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic directions of preexisting cells.
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Describe cellular differentiation.
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One of the 6 characteristics of cellular life. Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.
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Describe cellular communitcaion.
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One of the 6 characteristics of cellular life. Cells communicate of interact by means of chemicals that are released or taken up.
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Describe cellular movement.
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One of the 6 characteristics of cellular life. Some cells are capable of self-propulsion.
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Describe cellular evolution.
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One of the 6 characteristics of cellular life. Cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties. Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relationships between cells.
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List the four classes of cellular macromolecules.
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1) Proteins
2) Lipids 3) Polysaccharides 4) Nucleic Acids |
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Describe the significance of solid culture media and pure cultures.
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Led to the ability to isolate, observe, and classify, morgs; some of the most basic methods in mbio.
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Who was Ferdinand Cohn?
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Founder of bacteriology. First to describe life cycle of endospore forming Bacillus.
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Explain Resolution
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The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as distinct and separate, determined by the physical props of light. (light mscope max- 0.2um or 10-6m)
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Explain Magnification
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Product of mags of objective and ocular lenses. Limited by the wavelength of light/resolution. Light mscope max ~1500x.
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Glycosidic Bonds
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p.55
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Name the two types of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids.
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Purine bases: Adenine, Guanine. Two rings (Bonds N-9)
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine, Thymine(DNA only), Uracil(RNA only). One ring (Bonds N-1) |
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Nucleotides
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A nitrogen base attached to a pentose sugar by a glycosidic linkage between carbon atom 1 of the sugar and a nitrogen atom of the base + a molecule of phosphate.
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Polynucleotides
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Consist of nucleotided convalently bonded via carbon 3' of one sugar to the 5"carcon of the adjacent sugar.
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Phosphodiester Bond
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The phosphate linkage between adjacent sugars in a nucleotide. 5' to 3' in RNA and DNA.
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Amino Acid
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The monomers of proteins. All contain 2 functional groups: a Carboxylic acid (-COOH), and and amino (-NH2).
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Peptide bond
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Forms between Carboxylic (-COOH) and amino (-NH2) groups of amino acids.
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Name the two major classes of proteins.
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Catalytic: (enzymes)
Structural: |
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Primary Structure
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The linear array of amino acids in a polypeptide.
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Secondary Structure
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The twists and folds in a polypeptide, add H bonds.
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Tertiary Structure
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Once a polypeptide has achieved secondary structure, folding continues to form a more stable, unique, 3-D shape.
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Quaternary Structure
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Each polypeptide, called a subunit, contains primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Subunits held together by noncovalent interactions: Hbonds, van der Waals... or covalent disulfide bonds.
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Denaturation
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Causes polypeptide chain to unfold, destroying the higher order structure of a molecule. Peptide bonds (primary struct) are unaffected.
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Domains
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The different regions of a protein that have specific structure and function in the final, biologically active, molecule.
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Racemaces
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Enzymes that can interconvert certain enantiomers.
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Pili
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Cacilitate genetic exchange between prok cells in process of conjugation.
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Fimbriae
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Enable organisms to stick to surfaces, including animal tissues. ex. salmonella, gonorrhea.
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Gram+
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A prok cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of peptidoglycan and lacks outer membrane of gram- cells.
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Gram-
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A prok cell whose cell wall contains small amounts of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane, containing lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and other complex macmoles.
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Teichoic Acid
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A phosphorylated polyalcohol found in the cell wall wall of some gram+ bacteria.
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Capsule
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A polysacc or protein outermost layer; usually rather slimy, present on some bacteria.
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Peptidoglycan
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A polysacc composed of alternating repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid arranged in adjacent layers and cross-linked by short peptides. (Gram+)
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Phototaxis
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Movement of an organism toward light.
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Chemotaxis
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Directed movement of an organism toward (positive chemotaxis) or away (neg chemtaxis) from a chemical gradient.
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Morphology
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The shape of a cell- rod, coccus, spirillum...
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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A combo of lipid w polysacc and proteinthat forms the major portion of the outer membrane in gram- bacteria.
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Gas Vesicles
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Gas-filled cytoplasmic structures bounded by protein and conferring buoyancy on cells.(GvpA,GvpC)
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Endospore
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A highly heat-resistant, thick-walled, differentiated structure produced by certain gram+ bacteria.
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