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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
tropomyosin
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when the muscle is at rest the myosin binding sites in the actin molucle are blocked
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troponin complex
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regulatroy protiens on the tropomyosin and moves it when calcium is present
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sarcomeres
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contains the the myosin and the actin filaments that do not get smaller them selves but compact and make the entire sarcomere get smaller
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irish potato is
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a modified stem
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sweet potato
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a modified root
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indeterminate growth
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growth with no genetically defined limit
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vascular cambium
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lateral meristem, gives rise to secondary xylem (wood) and phloem
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root hair
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epidermis tissue take up water and nutrients
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Apicial meristem
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-ground, dermal ,vascular tissue form cylider
-supply cells to grow in length |
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collenchyma
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( ground tissue) support -> primary wall allow elongation very thick.
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Dermal tissue/epidermus
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-outside
-prevents pathenogens, -waxy cuticle, -root hairs, (water and nutrition uptake) |
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ground tissue
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-everything but dermal and vascular ( fibers and schelroids)
support |
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lateral meristem
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-grow in girth
-replace epidermis with bark -cork and vascular cambium -locaated paralel to the axix of secondary growth |
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meristem
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-divids the quisenct center
-at tips of branches,rootes, and shoots -allows for elongation in indeterminate growth with embryonic tissue. |
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organ
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roots
shoots leaves |
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lignen
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support xylem
support in cellulose matrix |
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Parenchyma
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(ground tissue)
general cell packing and storage photosythesis primary cell wall everything else |
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phloem
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-move sugar
-no nucleus, ribsosomes, vacuol -not complete for less resistance -sieve tubes for sugar and photosythate transport |
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schlerenchyma
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(ground tissue)
dead, not expanding protection, tuff wall 2ry wall with lignan fibers and schlerid rope and hemp |
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xylem
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-moves water and nutrients
-dead at maturity -lignified 2ry wall -triechid cells, vessel element cells and fiber cells |
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Root cap
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protects the Apical meristem
secrets mucigel for lubricant |
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Root hair
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-epidermus tissue
-takes up water and nutrients -increase surface area for absorption |
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lateral roots
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-roots that arise for the pericyle
-cell division from the endodermous |
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protoderm
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a primary meristem from apical merstem the makes dermal tissue or the epidermous
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ground meristem
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A primary meristem derived from the apical meristem and giving rise to primary ground tissues.
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procambium
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That primary meristem from the AM which develops into primary vascular tissue.
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pericycle
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A tissue typically of roots which is found between the endodermis and the phloem, and which gives rise to branch (lateral) roots.
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quiescent center
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That region of apical meristems, particularly in roots, in which there is relatively little mitotic activity. divides every couple of weeks , embyotic cells.
(other parts of meristem divid 2x a day) |
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1.node
2. internodes 3. axullary bud |
1.point where leaf attaches
2. between the (1) 3. b/w leaf and stem |
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stomata
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under leaf open/close for water retention and exchange of co2 for photsythesis
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trichome
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a hair-like epidermal outgrowth with diverse form, structure, and function
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intercalery meristem
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-between the roots and the shoot
-in grass |
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phase change
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change between juvi and adult morphotype
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1.primary growth
2.secondary growth |
1. legnth
2. girth (usually in woody plants) |
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cambium
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lateral meristem between wood and bark or xylem and phloem that makes new wood and bark for secondary growth
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cork
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cylinder meristem tissue in plants that produce cork cells to replace the epidermus during secondary growth
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rhizosphere
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The soil zone immediately surrounding plant roots, which is modified by the increased number of microorganisms (eg Rhizobia) that live there, in association with plant roots.
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apical dominance
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auxin from terminal bud inhibits auxilary bud growth and cytokinen from shoots counter act the auxin and tell buds to grow so it looke like an X-mas tree if terminal bud removed then it would be more bushy and rectangularish
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cork cambium
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lateral meristem
-covers outside of 2ry tissue to replace the epidermus and bark - fills in the ruff slits after 2ry growth. |
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vasculare cambium
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lateral meristem
-makes 2ndry xylem (wood) and phloem |
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lecithal
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blaco holes that allow gas exchange through the waxy cuticle
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secondary xylem
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xylem tissue formed by the vascular cambium during secondary growth in a vascular plant
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secondary phloem
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Phloem tissue formed by the vascular cambium during secondary growth in a vascular plant.
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asexual
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fast,
identical however can be killed by one disease |
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sexual repro.
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eggs and sperm haploid -> diploid embryo
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hybrid vigor
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increased performance of hybrids over purebreds
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pollen
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The cells that carry the male DNA of a seed plant.
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seeds
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A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants
-reproduction - apoxis is formation w/o sex |
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stamen
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has pollen
male repro part has filment and anther |
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carpel
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vase shaped
femal part has stigma, style , and ovary |
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petal
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One of a circle of modified leaves immediately outside the reproductive organs of a flower; usually brightly colored.
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sepal
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modified leaf around flower
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flower
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angiosperm for repro ... specialized shoot
-The reproductive part of a plant. It is usually composed of petals, sepals, stamens, and a pistil. |
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anther
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pollen is produced there on the filiment part of the stamen
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filiment
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stalk of the stamen
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stigma
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femal part of carpel
sticky to recieve pollen may have recepters |
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style
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the neck of the carpel
leads to overies |
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ovary
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contains the seeds or the eggs
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ABC model
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Sepal->Petal->Steman-> Carpel
-BB- AACC A is sepal AB is petal BC is Steman C carpel |
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Gymnosperm
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A plant whose seeds are not enclosed in flowers. Most produce their seeds on the surface of the scales of female cones and are pollinated by wind.
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1. agiosperms
2. gymnosperm |
1.pollen,enclosed seeds,flower, fruit
2.pollen, naked seeds,no flower, cones |
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pollen tube
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A hypha-like germination tube from a pollen grain that transmits the male (micro)gametophytes to an embryo sac in an ovule.
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micropyle
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A small opening in the surface of a plant ovule through which the pollen tube passes through prior to fertilization to deliver the sperm
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generative nucleus
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divide and produce 2 sperm
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double fertilization
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-when 2 sperm enter
- one united with the egg form diploid zygot - other fuses with the 2 nuclei center for a triploid nucleus which makes endosperm for food in teh ctyledons -purpose to sync ebryo development and food storage for it. |
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endosperm
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-triploid- 3 nucleous
-mature seed lack cuz its all in the cotyledon (diploid zygote is the other sperm) |
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Dioecious
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unisex flower on serperate plants
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Monoecieous
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-if both unisex flowers are on the same plant
-like cereal or maize |
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primula
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short shoots clustered flowers
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pin and thrum
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-PIn has higher carpels and lower stamen
- Thrum higher stamen and lower carpel and really heavy pollen - purpose .. to prevent selfing |
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gametophyte
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That plant generation which gives rise to the gametes by means of mitosis. Typically haploid.
gametes haploid mitosis |
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sporophyte
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The diploid generation in the life cycle of a plant, and that produces haploid spores by meiosis.
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tapetum
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nutrition in the anther
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Exine
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outercase that has the parent code that surronds the haploid pollen
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Dormancy
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a delay in the growth of viable seeds because of unfavorable environmental conditions.
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scorification
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seed germinate after it leaves the GI tract
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Monocot
dicot |
-have 1 cotyledon scattered phloem
-have 2 cotyledon and a ring of phloem |
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companion cell
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is in the phloem and has the only nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuol for the incomplete cells to share
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cotyledon
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leaves with endosperm for food
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hypocotyls
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the stem if the new germinating plant
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radicle
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embryonic root
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spore
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from diploid sporophyte, mitoticly divided to haploid inorder to make haploid gametophyte,
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tropism
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stimuli either neg or pos / away or near
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phototropism
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light
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gravitropism
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gravity ... roots always with gravity and shoot ans leaves always against
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thigmotropism
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thouch .. vines lach on ... leaves get smaller
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hydrotropism
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react with water
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asymetric elongation
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makes guard cells
one cell has more cytoplasm then the other in mitosis |
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auxin
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hormone determines distribution of lateral root from the AM
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acid growth
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expansins an acid growth protein
spit out proton to break the excisting layer and then when it grows fills in the slits it made |
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apical meristems
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supply plant with cells to grow in legnth
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cell plate/phragmoplast
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plate that seperates daughter cells determines shape
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cell wall
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-primary wall thin flexible
-secondary wall strong rigid comonent of wood |
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cellulose
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the polysacheride of wood
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cortical microtubules
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lignification of 2nry wall orders cellulose synthase to put down cellulose
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organ
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specialized center with different tissues and functions
roots shoots and leaves |
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preprophase band
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-microtubules that leave spindles for mitosis
- determines where the phragmoplast will go for cell division |
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spindle
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serperate chromosome for cell division
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tissue
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cells with function and similar structure
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phragmoplast
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A disk or plate-like structure composed of microtubules which shows the site of new wall formation
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turgor
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pressure in a vacual
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vacuole
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surrounded by tonoplast wall
place where dump acids and waste in fruits that is the juice adds in secondary growth |
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plant cell
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vacual
cell wall chloroplast |
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vascular tissue
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xylem and phloem
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schleriod
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nut shell
apple core cell of schlerenchyma |
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gibberllins
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hormon that tricks graps that it was fertalized and then conitues to make a fruit without the seed
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