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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Isomer
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Compounds with the same chemical composition but different structures. This gives them different properties.
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Structural Isomer
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Isomers in which the covalent bonds are arranged differently
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Geometric Isomer
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Isomers with the same covalent bond structure, but which are geometrically different -they differ in their spacial arrangements.
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Geometric Isomer - the role of double covalent bonds
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In a geometric Isomer, the double covalent bonds produce a rigid bond that cannot twist. this prevents the joined atoms from rotating.
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Enantiomers
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Molecules that are mirror images of each other. A central Carbon (called asymmetric carbon) is attached to 4 atoms or groups of atoms.
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How are enantiomers Isomers?
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Because enantiomers are exact mirror images of each other, they contain the same chemical composition but a different structure.
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Enantiomers - L and D
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In the mirror-image molecules, L stands for Levo or LEFT handed, and D for Dextro or RIGHT handed.
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How do enantomers interact with the Human Body
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Although the chemical composition is the same (isomer) the body reacts differently to enantomers, sometimes as a poison or causing severe problems such as birth defects.
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Functional Groups - Defined
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Chemically similar groups that behave in a characteristic way in chemical reactions
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Functional Groups - Seven most important groups in biological function.
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sulfhydryl, phosphate, amino, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl,
(SPAM Contains Canned Ham) |
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(SPAM Contains Canned Ham)
7 important chemical groups |
sulfhydryl, phosphate, amino, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl,
Name the Acronym |
most end in --yl
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Triglyceride
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AKA Fat
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Nucleotide
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A compound formed by a 5-carbon sugar, a base, and a phosphate.
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Biuret Test
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Test for protein by seeking out the peptide bond
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Hydration
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Splitting a large molecule into smaller ones by the addition of water
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Polymer
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A molecule formed by the synthesis of many simple sugars
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The most common atoms found in organic materials. (4)
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Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
(HONC) kinda like honk |
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Benedicts Solution
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A solution to check for 5 -carbon sugars.
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Polysaccaride (AKA?)
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AKA Starch. Iodine is used to check for this molecule.
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Peptide Bond
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A bond formed by the union of 2 amino acids. A water molecule is lost in the process (dehydration)
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Precipitate
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An insoluble product produced b a chemical reaction,
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Tetrahedron
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a 4 sided figure similar to a pyramid only 3 sides and a bottom. The atoms assume this formation when they bond.
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Dehydration synthesis
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The loss of water in an enzymatic synthesis
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Enzyme
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An organic catalyst that speeds up biochemical reactions.
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Qualitative test
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A test that establishes the presence of a specific substance.
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Name the 4 major groups of polymers in living systems
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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Explain the function of dehydration synthesis
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AKA condensation reaction, occurs where 2 monomers are chemically connected. In the process, a covalent bond is formed and a water moleculeis lost. One monomer contributes a hydrogen atom, the other contributes a hydroxyl group -OH. This is facilitated by enzymes.
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Explain the function of hydrolysis
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Polymers are disassembled by the addition of a water molecule (H20). Means Break using water (greek). Hydrogen attaches to one monomer and Hydroxyl attaches to the other monomer.
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What is a polymer?
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A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks (monomers)
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What is a monomer?
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the building units of polymers, some of these have molecular functions on their own as well.
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What is a macromolecule, name the general types.
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A huge molecule, organic, composed of 1 of 4 types - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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Enzymes
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Specialized macromolecules (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions in cells.
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Hydroxyl (written as)
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-OH or HO-
(not to be confused with the hydroxide ion OH-) Hydrogen atom bonded to an Oxygen atom - usually then bonded to a carbon skeleton |
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Carbonyl (written as)
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>CO
Carbon atom bonded to an oxygen by a double bond |
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Carboxyl (written as)
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-COOH
Carbonyl bonded to hydroxyl |
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Amino Group (Written as)
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-NH2
Nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms then bonded to the carbon skeleton. |
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Sulfhydryl Group (written as)
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-SH
Sulphur bonded to Hydrogen |
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Phosphate Group (written as)
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may be abbreviated (P) with a circle around it. also written -OPO3 2- (2- is exponent)
Phosphorus is bonded to 4 Oxygens, one with a double covalent bond. One Oxygen is bonded to the Carbon skeleton. The other 2 Oxygens are anions. |
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Methyl Group (written as)
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-CH3 (verify written form. Not shown in book)
Carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen |
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Name 3 classes of carbohydrates
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monosaccarides, disaccarides, polysaccarides
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Monosaccarides are usually some multiple of what molecular unit. Name a common monosaccaride and its structure
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CH20
Mulltiples of this unit form glucose, a common form of sugar C6H12O6 also called a _____ (form of sugar) |
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What is the most common monosaccaride?
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Glucose - C6H12O6
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Name a structural isomer of glucose - an aldose sugar
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Name a structural isomer of fructose - a ketose (ketone sugar)
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NAme 3 common sugar classifications based on 3, 5, and 6 carbons
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Triose, pentose, hexose
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asymmetric carbon
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Carbon attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms
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Cellular Respiration
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A process where sells extract the energy in a series of reactions, starting with glucose.
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Disaccaride
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two monosaccarides joined together by a glycosidic linkage
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glycosidic linkage
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a covalent bond formed by two monosaccarides in a dehydration reaction
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Glucose forms a ring
(so do many other sugars) |
1)Carbon #1 links to Oxygen attached to Carbon #5
2)Carbon #1 loses dbl covalent bond to its oxygen and 3)forms a new single bond with Oxygen at #5 Carbon. 4)Oxygen at #1 Carbon forms bond with Hydrogen at #5 Carbon |
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Chemical name of table sugar is _________ and it is made of what 2 monosaccarides? This makes it a _________
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Sucrose is ________ and it is made of glucose and fructose which are _______s. This makes it a disaccaride.
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Amylose
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simple, unbranched starch (polymer)molecule, forms a helix
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amylopectin
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a more complex starch with multiple branching.
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glycogen
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A polymer of glucose that is extensively branched. Found in animals.
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Structural polysaccarides
Give an example |
Strong fibrous materials made from structural polysaccarides. Cellulose is an example
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What is the alpha configuration of a glucose monomer - what polymer does it make?
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The alpha configuration of glucose is where the #6 carbons are all lined up on the same side (top or bottom) of the carbon ring of glucose. This makes starch.
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What is the Beta configuration of a glucose monomer - what polymer does it make?
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The beta configuration is when every other glucose monomer is inverted at the #6 carbon. This makes a polymer called cellulose, the most abundant plant product on the planet.
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Some attributes of cellulose
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Never helical like starch, always straight.
Never branched. Made of Aplha and beta linkages where beta are flipped. Human enzymes cannot digest the beta linkages in cellulose, and few organisms can (cow prokaryoes and some fungus for example) |
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Chitin
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a structural polysaccaride that contains a nitrogen appendage. Found in anthropods (insects), crustaceans, and other related creatures, chitin is a useful substance for medical procedures such as sutures and bandages. Often harvested from soft-shell crabs.
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AN ester linkage joins what two functional groups?
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An ester linkage joins Hydrohyl(OH) and carboxyl(COOH) groups in a dehydration synthesis process
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