Bio211 Lecture 4, Chapter 4

Front 1

Prokaryote Characteristics:

Back 1

One circular chromosome, not in a membrane (not always!)

 No histones

 No organelles (sort of…)

 Peptidoglycan cell walls (if Bacteria)

 Pseudomurein cell walls (if Archaea)

 Binary fission

Hint 1

Think, main characteristics of what it is composed of.

Front 2

Eukaryote Characteristics:

Back 2

 Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane (not always diploid!)

 Histones

 Organelles

 Polysaccharide cell walls

 Mitotic spindle

Front 3

Can eukaryotes or prokaryotes sometimes be pleomorphic?

Back 3

Prokaryotes (some)

Hint 3

pleomorphic: change shape

Front 4

What are the basic shapes of bacteria?

Back 4

Bacillus (rod-shaped), Spiral and Cocci (spherical)

Front 5

What 3 subcategory shapes are in the Spiral shaped bacteria?

Back 5

spirillum, spirochete & vibrio

Front 6

Spirillum:

Back 6

Have a helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies; use flagella to move.

Front 7

Spirochete:

Back 7

helical & flexible but move by means of axial filaments, which resemble flagella but are contained w/in a flexible external sheath.

Front 8

Vibrios:

Back 8

curved rods

Front 9

What are the different arrangements of bacteria?

Back 9

Pairs (diplococci & diplobacilli)

Clusters (Staphylococci)

Chains (streptococci & streptobacilli)

Front 10

What is glycocalyx?

Back 10

Viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer external to the cell wall. This extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to attach.

Front 11

What can glycocalyx be in the form of?

Back 11

A capsule or a slime layer.

Front 12

What is a glycocalyx capsule?

Back 12

When the substance is organized & firmly attached to the cell wall.

Contributes to bacterial virulence b/c it protects bacteria from being phagocytized by the cells of the host.

Front 13

What is a glycocalyx slime layer?

Back 13

When the substance is unorganized & loosely attached to the cell wall.

Front 14

What is the function of glycocalyx?

Back 14

It is an important component in biofilms; helps bacteria to attach to surfaces; can protect cell against dehydration & its viscosity may inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell.

Front 15

Flagella

Back 15

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.

Front 16

Characteristics of flagella:

Back 16

-Outside of cell wall

-Made of chains of flagellin

-Attached to a protein hook

-Anchored to the wall and -membrane by the basal body

Hint 16

From slides

Front 17

What are the basic parts of the structure of a flagellum?

Back 17

1. Filament: long outermost region

2. Flagellin: globular protein that forming intertwining chains & form a helix around a hollow core.

3. Basal Body: anchors the flagellum to the cell wall & plasma mem.

Front 18

What are the arrangements of bacterial flagella?

Back 18

1. Artichous

2. Peritrichous

3. Polar

4. Monotrichous

5. Lophotrichous

6. Amphitrichous

Front 19

Artichous bacteria:

Back 19

lack flagella

Front 20

Peritrichous bacteria:

Back 20

flagella distributed over the entire cell.

Front 21

Polar bacteria:

Back 21

flagella are located at/on both poles of the cell.

Front 22

Monotrichous bacteria:

Back 22

polar, containing a single flagellum at each pole.

Front 23

Lophotrichous bacteria:

Back 23

have a tuft of flagella coming from one pole.

Front 24

Amphitrichous bacteria:

Back 24

have flagella at both poles of the cell

Front 25

Axial Filament characteristics:

Back 25

 Also called endoflagella

 In spirochetes

 Anchored at one end of a cell

 Rotation causes cell to move

Front 26

Axial Filaments:

Back 26

bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell and spiral around the cell.

Front 27

Fimbriae:

Back 27

allow attachment

Front 28

Pili:

Back 28

 Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another

 Gliding motility

 Twitching motility

Front 29

Twitching Motility:

Back 29

a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact w/a surface of another cell and retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled.

Front 30

Gliding Motility:

Back 30

smooth gliding movementof myxobacteria; provides a menas for microbes to travel in environments w/a low water content (e.g. biofilms & soil).

Front 31

How do bacteria move?

Back 31

Through the use of flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae or pili.

Front 32

Characteristics of cell walls in bacteria:

Back 32

-made of peptidoglycan

-prevents osmotic lysis

Front 33

Gram + Cell Walls:

Back 33

-Thick peptidoglycan layer

-Teichoic acids

Front 34

Gram - Cell walls:

Back 34

-Thin peptidoglycan layer

-Outer membrane

-Periplasmic space

Front 35

Gram- Outer membrane:

Back 35

 Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids

 Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

Front 36

Gram+ Outer Membrane:

Back 36

 Protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics

 O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7

 Lipid A is an endotoxin

 Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

Front 37

Acid-Fast Cell Walls:

Back 37

 Like gram-positive

 Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

 EX: Mycobacterium & Nocardia

Front 38

Mycoplasmas:

Back 38

 Lack cell walls

 Sterols in plasma membrane which protect cell from lysis

Front 39

Archaea:

Back 39

 Wall-less or

 Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

Front 40

Damage to the cell wall can be cause by:

Back 40

 Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan

 Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

Front 41

Cells with damaged cell walls can become:

Back 41

 Protoplast is a wall-less cell  Spheroplast is a wall-less gram-positive cell

 Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis

 L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

Front 42

The Plasma Membrane is made up of:

Back 42

Phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

Transmembrane

Proteins

Front 43

Photosynthetic pigments on foldings are called:

Back 43

chromatophores or thylakoids

Front 44

Simple Diffusion

Back 44

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 45

Facilitated Diffusion:

Back 45

Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

Front 46

Osmosis:

Back 46

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

Front 47

Osmotic pressure:

Back 47

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

Front 48

Movement of materials across a membrane is either through:

Back 48

Through lipid layer

Aquaporins (water channels)

Front 49

Cytoplasm:

Back 49

The substance inside the plasma membrane

Front 50

The Nucleoid:

Back 50

contains the bacterial chromosome

Front 51

The Prokaryotic Ribosome:

Back 51

Protein synthesis

70S

-50S + 30S subunits

Front 52

Ribosomes

Back 52

function as the sites of protein synthesis.

Front 53

Inclusions

Back 53

reserve deposits

Front 54

Metachromatic granules (volutin)

Back 54

Phosphate reserves

Front 55

Polysaccharide granules

Back 55

Energy reserves

Front 56

Lipid inclusions

Back 56

energy reserves

Front 57

Sulfur granules

Back 57

energy reserves

Front 58

Carboxysomes

Back 58

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation

Front 59

Gas Vacuoles

Back 59

Protein-covered cylinders

Front 60

Magnetosomes

Back 60

Iron oxide
(destroys H2O2)

Front 61

Endospores

Back 61

Resting cells

Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals

Bacillus, Clostridium

Front 62

Sporulation

Back 62

Endospore formation

Front 63

Germination

Back 63

Endospores return to vegetative state.

Front 64

Eukaryotic Cell Walls

Back 64

Plants, algae, fungi

Carbohydrates

Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan

Front 65

Eukaryotic Glycocalyx

Back 65

Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane

Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

Front 66

Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes

Back 66

Phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

Transmembrane proteins

Sterols

Glycocalyx carbohydrates

Front 67

What other type of membrane transport do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

Back 67

Endocytosis

Front 68

Phagocytosis

Back 68

Pseudopods extend and engulf particles

Front 69

Pinocytosis

Back 69

Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

Front 70

Eukaryotic cytoplasm contains:

Back 70

Cytoplasm membrane

Cytosol

Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasmic streaming

Front 71

Cytoplasm membrane

Back 71

Substance inside plasma and outside nucleus

Front 72

Cytosol

Back 72

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Front 73

Cytoskeleton

Back 73

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Front 74

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Back 74

Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

Front 75

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

Back 75

Protein synthesis

80S

Membrane-bound: Attached to ER

Free: In cytoplasm

70S

In chloroplasts and mitochondria

Front 76

Organelle

Back 76

structure w/specific shapes & specialized functions & are characteristic of eukaryotic cells.

Front 77

Nucleus:

Back 77

Contains chromosomes

Front 78

ER

Back 78

Transport network

Front 79

Golgi Complex:

Back 79

Membrane formation and secretion

Front 80

Lysosome

Back 80

Digestive enzymes

Front 81

Vacuole

Back 81

Brings food into cells and provides support

Front 82

Mitochondrion

Back 82

Cellular respiration

Front 83

Chloroplast

Back 83

Photosynthesis

Front 84

Peroxisome

Back 84

Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

Front 85

Centrosome

Back 85

Consists of protein fibers and centrioles

Front 86

Rough ER

Back 86

studded w/ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis; it is a factory for synthesizing secretory proteins & membrane molecules.

Front 87

Smooth ER

Back 87

contains unique enzymes; synthesizes phospholipids, fats, steroids; can help release glucose into the bloodstream & inactivate/detoxify drugs & other potentially harmful substances.

Front 88

Endosymbioic Theory

Back 88

the theory explaining the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes; larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls & engulfed smaller bacterial cells

Front 89

Endosymbiosis

Back 89

A relationship in which one organism lives w/in another.