Bio211 Lecture 3, Chapter 2

Front 1

Mole

Back 1

molecular weight in grams

Front 2

Chemical reactions involve:

Back 2

the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

Front 3

Endergonic reactions:

Back 3

absorb energy

Front 4

Exergonic reactions:

Back 4

release energy

Front 5

Anabolism

Back 5

the synthesis of molecules in a cell

Front 6

Synthesis Reactions

Back 6

Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine
to form new, larger molecules

Front 7

Decomposition Reactions

Back 7

Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

Front 8

Catabolism

Back 8

the decomposition reactions in a cell

Front 9

Exchange reactions

Back 9

Are part synthesis and part decomposition

Front 10

Reversible reactions

Back 10

* Each direction may need special conditions

Front 11

Most organisms grow best between pH of:

Back 11

6.5 & 8.5

Front 12

alkaline

Back 12

basic; lots of -OH

Front 13

acidity

Back 13

acidic; lots of H+

Front 14

Carbon skeleton

Back 14

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

Front 15

Functional Groups

Back 15

responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound

Front 16

Macromolecules

Back 16

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules

Front 17

Carbohydrates

Back 17

Cell structures and energy sources

Consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n

Front 18

Monosaccharides

Back 18

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Front 19

Disaccharides

Back 19

formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

can be broken down by hydrolysis

Front 20

Oligosaccharides

Back 20

consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides

Front 21

Polysaccharides

Back 21

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

Front 22

Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of

Back 22

glucose that are covalently bonded differently

Front 23

Chitin

Back 23

a polymer of 2 sugars repeating many times

Front 24

Lipids

Back 24

Primary components of cell membranes

Consist of C, H, and O

Are nonpolar and insoluble in water

Front 25

Simple Lipids

Back 25

Fats or triglycerides

Contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis

Front 26

Saturated Fat

Back 26

No double bonds

Front 27

Unsaturated Fat

Back 27

One or more double bonds in the fatty acids

Front 28

cis

Back 28

H atoms on the same side of the double bond

Front 29

trans

Back 29

H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond

Front 30

Complex Lipids

Back 30

Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S

Membranes are made of phospholipids

Front 31

Steroids

Back 31

4 carbon rings with an –OH group attached to one ring

Part of membranes

Front 32

Proteins

Back 32

Are essential in cell structure and function

Front 33

Enzymes

Back 33

proteins that speed chemical reactions

Front 34

Transporter Proteins

Back 34

move chemicals across membranes

Front 35

Flagella are made of

Back 35

proteins

Front 36

Some bacterial toxins are

Back 36

proteins

Front 37

Proteins consist of subunits called

Back 37

Amino acids

Front 38

What are the 2 stereoisomers that amino acids usually exist in?

Back 38

D or L

Front 39

Which stereoisomer is usually found in nature?

Back 39

L

Front 40

Peptide bonds b/n amino acids are formed by?

Back 40

formed by dehydration synthesis

Front 41

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Back 41

polypeptide chain

Front 42

Secondary structure of proteins

Back 42

amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats

Front 43

Tertiary structure of proteins

Back 43

helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain

Front 44

Quaternary structure of proteins

Back 44

consists of 2 or more polypeptides.

Front 45

What do conjugated proteins consist of?

Back 45

amino acids and other organic molecules

Front 46

What are examples of conjugated proteins?

Back 46

Glycoproteins, Lipoproteins & Nucleoproteins

Front 47

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Back 47

nucleotides

Front 48

What 3 things do nucleotides consist of?

Back 48

Pentose

Phosphate group

Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

Front 49

What 2 things do nucleosides consist of?

Back 49

Pentose

Nitrogen-containing base

Front 50

DNA

Back 50

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Has deoxyribose

Exists as a double helix

A hydrogen bonds with T

C hydrogen bonds with G

Front 51

RNA

Back 51

Ribonucleic acid

Has ribose

Is single-stranded

A hydrogen bonds with U

C hydrogen bonds with G

Front 52

ATP

Back 52

* Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups.

Front 53

How is ATP made?

Back 53

dehydration synthesis

Front 54

How is ATP broken down to liberate useful energy for the cell?

Back 54

Hydrolysis