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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the Kingdom PLANTAE, what are the suffixes used for:
P C SC O F |
P- (-phyta)
C- (-opsida) SC- (-edonae) O- (-ales) F- (-aceae) |
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What's the difference between MORPHOLOGY and ANATOMY?
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Morphology
-the study of the external form of a plant or its parts -deals with surface features Anatomy -AKA histology -study of the internal form of the plant parts |
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What is the MIDDLE LAMELLA?
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-the filled region between primary walls of adjacent cells
-contains pectic substances that cement walls together -adjacent cells are connected by intercellular, cytoplasmic connections = PLASMODESMATA -occurs in thin regions (Primary pit field) of the primary wall |
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What are the 2 tissues that comprises the DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM?
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1) Epidermis
-the primary plant body 2) Periderm -replaces the epidermis in long lived plants -makes up part of the secondary plant body |
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What are the 2 Types of Epidermal Cells?
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1) Non-Specialized epidermal cells
-make up most of the epidermis -compact, tight fitting cells -variable outlines -usually still living at maturity 2)Specialized Epidermal Cells -normally much fewer in numbers -found interspersed among the unspecialized epidermal cells throughout the epidermis -3 types: guard cells, subsidiary cells, trichomes (*another FC) |
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What are GUARD CELLS?
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-specialized epidermal cell
-found in pairs around a pore that forms between them -unit (2 guard cells + pore) = stomate -guard cells develope from the same precursor cell (=guard mother cell) |
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What are SUBSIDIARY CELLS?
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-specialized epidermal cell
-typically in pairs surrounding guard cells in MONOCOTS -can have multiple pairs |
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What are TRICHOMES?
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-specialized epidermal cell
-AKA AERIAL HAIRS -found widespread on above ground body parts -unicellular or multicellular trichomes *can be SECRETORY -they secrete substances of various types (eg: volatile oils, nectar, polysaccharides) -builds up under the cuticle *can be NON-SECRETORY -these form protective/defensive structure in the epidermis -eg: defense against insect attack |
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What are TRICHOBLASTS?
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-AKA ROOT HAIRS
-found on epidermis underground a short distance behind the tips of roots -are long extensions of certain epidermal cells and always UNICELLULAR -form by tip growth, possess a very large surface area -form the absorption zone in roots -are extremely important for plant's uptake of water and ions from soil |
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What is PERIDERM?
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-makes up part of the secondary plant body
-formed as the outermost part of bark, at the very outside of stems, roots of long lived woody plants -includes: cork cells (PHELLEN), cork cambium (PHELLOGEN), and PHELLODERM |
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What is the CORK CAMBIUM?
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-AKA PHELLOGEN
-forms in a layer of cells just below the epidermis -starts dividing to form new cells -the largest part of the periderm consists of an outer region of cells called cork cells (PHELLEN). Compact and tight fighting. Dead at maturity after depositing SUBERIN -cork cambium is bifacial, continually dividing and pushing new cells to outside (cork cells) and cut some cells off inward (PHELLODERM) |
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What are the 2 functions of SUBERIN in the PHELLEN LAYER?
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1)retain water inside of the plant body
2)prevent pathogens from entering the body |
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What's the difference between a SIMPLE SIEVE PLATE and a COMPOUND SIEVE PLATE?
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SIMPLE SIEVE PLATE
-flat top COMPOUND SIEVE PLATE -slanted top |
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In regards to PHLOEM, whats the difference between angiosperms and non angiosperms?
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-non angiosperms have specialized cells called 'SIEVE CELLS' (not sieve tube elements)
-very elongated -lack seive plates, instead have tapered end walls -lack companion cells; instead have small cells called ALBUMINOUS CELLS -these do not form from the same 'PRECURSOR CELL' that forms the seive cell |
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What is a PHYTOMERE?
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-the axillary bud, the internode above it, plus the node and its leaf
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What are AXILLARY BUDS?
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-buds that originate from part of the flank (peripheral) meristems
-in the axils of enlarging leaf pimordia -responsible for the futre branching of the shoot system in certain plants like angiosprems -in angiosperms, have a MONOPODIAL branching pattern because branching does not occur immediately, nor at the shoot apex -instead, axillary buds are kept from developing into branches for some time (apical dominance -> auxin from the SAM of terminal bud) -sometimes the bud forms a sharp, pointed structure called a THORN |
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Define STELE
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-term given for the central arangement of primar vascular tissues in a stem (or root), including associated pith (if present)
-does not include secondary vascular tissues, nor leaf traces |
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Define BICOLLATERAL FASICLES
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-have a portion of primary phloem on either side of primary xylem
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Define LEAF GAP
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-a break (usually consisting of parenchyma cells) in a united ring of vascular tissue associated with a departing leaf trace (see lab material and Jan.26)
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What are the 4 patterns of XYLEM MATURATION?
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1)Endarch
2)Exarch 3)Centrarch 4)Mesarch *see Jan.26* |
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What are ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS?
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-prop roots
-roots that do not form from the primary root; instead, form from stems and leaves |
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What are the 2 types of ROOT SYSTEMS?
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1)TAB ROOT (eg: Dicot)
-lateral roots common -adventitious roots here too 2)FIBROUS ROOT (eg: Monotcot) -lateral roots common -primary root (from radicle) is short lived -therefore has lots of adventitious roots |
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What is the ROOT APEX?
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-tip of the radicle of the embryo and of any othr root
-root cap protects the subterminal RAM -cap cells often secrete mucilage -cap cells are lost/left behind as the root apex continues to grow -cap cells are coninually replaced by RAM |
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What are the 2 types of RAM?
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1)Closed
-initials are highly organized -3 layers (HISTOGENS) i)Dermatogen: forms the epidermis and root cap ii)Periblem: forms the ground tissue iii)Plerome: forms vascular cylinder 2)Open -initials are not highly ordered (eg: onion) |
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What is a QUIESCENT CENTRE?
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-region of the RAM that has lightly stained, slowly dividing cells
-a reserve for replacing initials that eventually deteriorate |
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What is the ENDODERMIS?
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-usually a single cell layer thick
-innermost cell layer of the cortex -CASPARIAN STRIP/BAND in the SUBERIN (sometimes LIGNIN) |
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What is the CASPARIAN STRIP?
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-a hydrophobic band found in the endoderm
Provides: APOPOPLASTIC BARRIER -gives selectivity by the root -includes non-living parts such as cell walls intercellular spaces, mature tracheary elements -extracellular route SYMPLAST BARRIER -allows good shit into the vascular sysmetm -living parts (eg: cytoplasm and plasmodesmata) -intracellular route |
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What is the PERICYCLE?
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-often a single cell layer thick
-found immediately internal to the endodermis -outermost layer of roots stele -give rise to LATERAL ROOTS -in long fixed roots, pericycle is involved in origin of lateral meristems (eg: vascular cambium and cork cambium) |
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What are LATERAL ROOTS?
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-creat new absorptive surfaces below the ground
-allows more water and ions to be taken up from the root -pericycle undregoes periclinal cell divisions to form a bulge -> root primordium -> lateral root *in triarch, tetrarch and pentarch, lateral roots orinante opposite the primary xylem* *in diarch, polyarch and protosteles, the lateral root originates opposite the primary phloem* |
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How does INITIATION OF SECONDARY GROWTH occur in Dicots?
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-arises before the end of the first year of growth, after internodes have completed their elongation
-originates from FASCICULAR CAMBIUM (the existing cambium within a fascicle) -hormonal control initiates the cells occupying space inbetween vascular cambium to differentiate into meristemic tissue -therefore, VASICULAR CAMBIUM = FASCICULAR CAMBIUM and INTERFASCICULAR CAMBIUM |
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What are the 2 TYPES OF INITIALS?
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1) FUSIFORM INITIALS
-initials are much longer (10x) than wide -have primary walls alone -> but a distinct beaded wall appearance in the thin regions of primary wall, primary pit fields (PLASMODESMATA) -divide to form derivatives to form tracheary elements, sievetuve elements, fibres, companion cells -makes the AXIAL (vertical) system of the secondary vascular tissues 2) RAY INITIALS -are approximately isodiametric -normally occur in stacks/groups -derivatives of the ray initials often form parenchyma cells-> Rays in secondary xylym and phloem -derivatives of the ray initials often form the RADIAL SYSTEM (horizontal) |
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What is the BIFACIAL nature of the VASCULAR CAMIUM in dicots and conifers?
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-most derivatives will form secondary xylem
-will form 4x-7x more xylem than it will phloem |
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What is WOOD?
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-pretty much the secondary xylem
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What is BARK?
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-pretty much everything located outside of the vascular cambium
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What is a FOSSIL?
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-rememnant of a plant or animal body that lived in the past (must be > 10,000yrs)
-often the organism is turned to stone/rock -often involves sedimentation -sometimes find only fragments of the thihng rather than it in its entirety |
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What are the conditions that enhance fossil formations? 2
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1) Fossilization most likely if decomposition is retarded
-most organisms decompose/decay because of aeroic, saprophytic organisms (eg: fungi, bac) -pools of standing water give good conditions -some plants parts are less prone to decay naturally because of their chemical composition (eg: cuticle, sclerechyma, etc) 2) Need for a suitable source of sediment -depends on particle size of the sediment -finer sediments: yield better preserved plant material (eg: siltstone, shale) -coarse sediments: more poorly preserved (eg: sandstone, conglomerates) |
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What are the 7 TYPES OF FOSSILS?
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1)Whole plant or part of the plant is the fossil
2)Compression 3)Impression (Imprint) 4)Mold 5)Cast 6)Amber 7)Petrification |
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What are COMPRESSION fossils?
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-plant part is buried in suitable sediment, then over time gets crushed by the sheer weight of accumulated sediemtns above it
-little remains of the plant part, but a thin film/outline of carbon (black) |
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What are IMPRESSION/IMPRINT fossils?
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-all the organic material has dissappeared, except the sediment which has hardened and hence preserves the impact
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What are MOLD fossils?
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-sediment covers the plant part and hardens around it, but then the plant part ddecomposes
-left with a hollow cavity |
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What are CAST fossils?
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-if the cavity of a MOLD becomes filled with new sediments, wich then harden, this forms a cast
-3D morphology |
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What are AMBER fossils?
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-the fossil type consists of an organism or plant that has been entrapped/entombed in sticky plant resins
-occurs in the tertiary period of the Cenozoic era -eventually hardens into a clear resinous mass -3D preservation -could also section it to reveal internal structure |
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What are PETRIFICATION fossils?
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-very important for internal structure (anatomy)
-the plant part becomes infiltrated by a mineral solution and hardens, represent a surprising detail of internal structure -formation of coal balls: thinly sliced reveals internal structure -can be used to determine seasonal variation with the presence or absence of growth rings (eg: present = variation, absence = equal) |
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Define PERIODS
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-subdivisions of ERAS
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Define EPOCHS
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-subdivisions of PERIODS
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Define ERAS.
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-the largest time unit in a geological time scale
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What are the 4 ERAS?
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1)Precambrian
-oldest era -it contains all time from the creation/begining of earth (est. 4bya) to the first appearance of the trilobites 2)Paleozoic -this era opens with appearance of trilobites, ends with appearance of dinosaurs 3)Mesozoic -from the first appearce to the dissappearance of dinosaurs 4)Cenozoic -our present era -contains all time since the dinosaur |
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What are IDEAL INDEX FOSSILS?
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Has the following factors:
-represent an animal or plant that lived in abundance and left appreciable numbers of fossils -fossil of the organism very distinctive -organism evolved and then dissappeared in a rather short time (eg: 1 mill years) -fossils of the organism occur on 2 or more continents |
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What are ABSOLUTE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALES?
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-based on radiometric dating
-assigns actual time values to fossil layers -uses CARBON DATING |
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What is CARBON DATING?
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-technique useful to determine the age of relatively recent fossils only (ie: Holocene Epoch, Cenozoic Era - Quartenary Pd)
-12C carbon is very stable -14C carbon is less stable -because of the 2 carbons, we produce 2 types of sugars... -when the plant dies, CO2 uptake ceases and 14C in the plant body breaks down -half life of 14C is 5,730 yrs -the ratio (14C/12C) is used to determine plant age -the lower the ratio, the older the fossil |
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What is a FORM GENUS?
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-the name applied to a fossil representing only a piece of the entire plant
-an artificial genus, used for convenience -a form genus cannot be reliable to just one family, but can be assigned to a single order that contains the families represented by the form genus -in some ways, form genus is non committed -the name adopted for the entire plant is that form genus name first applied to some part of the reconstructed plant |
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What are the 4 types of SIDEWAYS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ADJACENT PLANT CELLS?
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1)Primary Pit Fields
2)Sieve Area 3)Simple Pit Pairs 4)Bordered Pit Pairs |
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How many flower parts do MONOCOTS have per whorl? DICOTS?
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Monocots
-x3's Dicots - x4's or x5's |
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What kind of root system do MONOCOTS have? DICOTS?
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Monocots
-Fibrous Dicots -Taproots |
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What's the function of PARENCHYMA CELLS?
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-highly actibe, metabolically
-can be involved in phsiological processes such as storage, photosynthesis, respiration, secretion, etc. |
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What's the function of COLLENCHYMA CELLS?
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-a supportive cell type (for strength), occurring in groups
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What's the function of SCLERENCHYMA CELLS?
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-a supportive cell type (for strength), often occurring in groups
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Where would you find COLLENCHYMA CELLS?
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-often in the periphery of the cortex of stems and roots, just below the epidermis
-also common in the mid rib and petiole of leaves |
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What are the 2 SUBTYPES of SCLERENCHYMA?
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1)Fibres
-long but narrow -have thick, uniformly thickened secondary walls with lignin -pits connect adjacent fibres -staggered alignment increases rigidity 2)Sclereids -shorter, fatter -rectangular or spherical -have thick, uniformaly thickened secondary walls with lignin -pits connect adjacent sclereids |
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Define COTYLEDON
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-seed leaf formed during the embryonic stabge
-is not formed by the shoot apex -in grassse, the cotyledon is also called the SCUTELLUM |
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Define HYPOCOTYL
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-a stem segment only found in dicots
-is the portion of the stem located below the attachment point of the cotyledons |
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Define EPICOTYL
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-found in both mnoocots and dicots
-is the portion of the stem located above the attachment point of the cotyledon -in seeds and young seedlings, sometimes the epicotyl is also called the PLUMULE |
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Define MESOCOTYL
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-a stem segment (an internode) only found in monocots
-located between the scutellar node and the base of the coleoptile -will elongate, sometimes to great lengths, to push the coleoptile into the light |
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Define COLEOPTILE
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-in grasses, the first leaf formed by the shoot apex
-is a cone shaped, hollow leaf which, in early seedling growth, will surround the shoot apex and elongating stem that eventually grow beyond the coleoptile -is light sensitive (shows positive phototropism) |
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What are EPIGEAL SEEDLINGS?
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-seedlings in which the cotyledon(s) always is(are) raised above the soil line
Dicot Examples: -garden bean, castor bean, sunflower -seedlings use a HYPOCOTYL ARCH at emergence from soil Monocot Example: -onion -seedlings use a bent cotyledon at emergence from soil |
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What are HYPOGEAL SEEDLINGS?
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-seedlings in which the cotlyedon(s) always is(are) below the soil line
Dicot Example: -pea -sedlings use an EPICOTYL HOOK at emergence from soil Monocot Example: -corn, wheat -seedlings use a coleoptile at emergence from soil |
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What does the SHOOT APEX consist of?
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-shoot apical meristem
-young leaf primordia |
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What does the SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM CONSIST OF?
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-tunica
-corpus -flank (peripheral) meristems -pith rib (file rib) meristem |
