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337 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the autonomic nervous system control?
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Glands
Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle |
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What regulates unconscious processes that maintain homeostasis?
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ANS
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What are the factors that contribute to homeostasis that are regulated by the autonomic nervous system?
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Blood Pressure
Body Temperature Respiratory airflow |
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What is the term for conscious control of the ANS?
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Biofeedback
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What are unconscious, automatic responses to stimulation of glands, cardiac or smooth muscle?
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Visceral Reflexes
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During visceral reflexes, where do the afferent neurons transmit their sensory signals?
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To the interneurons in the CNS
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Where do the efferent neurons of the visceral reflex send their signals?
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To effectors
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What is the efferent neuron of reflex arcs?
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ANS
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What does the ANS do to effectors?
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Modifies effector activity
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What is the ANS made up of?
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the efferent neurons of reflex arcs
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What are the two neurons that span the distance from CNS to effectors?
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Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron |
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What has the cell body located in the CNS?
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Presynaptic neuron
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What has the cell body in the peripheral ganglion?
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The postsynaptic neuron
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What detects blood pressure?
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Baroreceptors
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Where are baroreceptors located?
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Carotid Artery
Right atrium |
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Which cranial nerves act in the visceral reflex to high blood pressure?
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IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus |
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Which cranial nerve in visceral reflex to high BP acts as the efferent nerve?
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X - Vagus -> sends signal to heart to reduce BP
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Which cranial nerve in visceral reflex to high BP acts as the afferent nerve?
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IX - Glossopharyngeal -> Sends signals to medulla
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What are the two divisions of the ANS?
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Sympathetic Division (thorocolumbar)
Parasympathetic Division (craniosacral) |
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Which division of the ANS is the fight or flight division?
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Sympathetic or thorocolumbar
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An increase in heart rate, BP, airflow, and blood glucose levels would be a response of what division of the ANS?
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Sympathetic or thorocolumbar
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What division of the ANS is known as the rest and digest?
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Parasympathetic or craniosacral
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What division of the ANS would calm many body functions and assist in bodily maintenance digestion and waste elimination?
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Parasympathetic or craniosacral
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Which division of the ANS will universally excite or calm the body?
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Neither
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What determines the effect of the division of the ANS?
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Neurotransmitters
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What is the term for the normal rate of activity that represents the balance of the two systems?
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Autonomic Tone
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What tone helps to maintain blood pressure?
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Sympathetic tone
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What could the loss of sympathetic tone cause?
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A rapid drop in BP causing the person to go into shock
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Where do the presynaptic neurons originate?
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Lateral horns of gray matter of the thoracic to lumbar cord
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Where do the fibers exit of the presynaptic neurons?
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Spinal nerves T1-L2
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How many nerves of the sympathetic chain ganglia are found in the cervical region?
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3
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How many nerves in the sympathetic chain ganglia could be found in the thoracic spinal region?
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11
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How many nerves in the sympathetic chain ganglia could be found in the lumbar spinal region?
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4
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How many nerves in the sympathetic chain ganglia could be found in the sacral spinal region?
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4
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How many nerves in the sympathetic chain ganglia could be found in the coccygeal spinal region?
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1
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What suspend ganglia from the spinal nerve?
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Communicating rami
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From where do small myelinated preganglionic fibers travel?
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Spinal nerve
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To where do small myelinated preganglionic fibers travel?
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White communicating ramus
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What nerves can the small myelinated preganglionic fibers travel through to reach collateral ganglia when they fail to synapse?
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Splanchnic nerves
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How do unmyelinated postganglionic fibers travel?
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Through the gray communicating ramus
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What is the term for when post ganglionic cells receive signals from multiple preganglionic cells?
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Neuronal Convergence
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What is the term for when preganglionic cells branch and synapse on multiple postganglionic cells?
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Neuronal Divergence
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About how many postganglionic neurons are there for every preganglionic neuron in the Sympathetic Nervous System?
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17
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What produces widespread effects on multiple organs?
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Neuronal divergence
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What are the three routes that signals to effectors leave the sympathetic chain?
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Spinal nerve route
Sympathetic nerve route Splanchnic nerve route |
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Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, blood vessels of skin and skeletal muscles travel through which route?
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Spinal nerve route
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Sweat, salivary, nasal glands, blood vessels of heart & iris travel through which route?
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Sympathetic nerve route
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The effectors in the abdominal cavity travel through which route?
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Splanchnic nerve route
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Where do the splanchnic nerves lead to?
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Collateral ganglia
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What are the three major collateral ganglia?
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Celiac, Superior and Inferior mesenteric ganglion
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
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On the superior pole of each kidney
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What does the cortex secrete?
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Steroid Hormones
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What does the medulla secrete?
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Neurotransmitter hormones
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What are catecholamines?
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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The adrenal gland plays a part in what division of the ANS?
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Sympathetic
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Where to preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic NS originate?
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Pons and Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord S2-S4 |
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Which cranial nerves do the preganglionic fibers travel through in the parasympathetic NS?
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III - Oculomotor
VII - Facial IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus |
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What are the two pathways of the parasympathetic NS that arise from the sacral spinal cord?
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Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
Inferior Hypogastric Plexus |
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What pathways of the parasympathetic NS would involve the narrowing of the pupil and focusing of the lens?
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Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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What pathway of the parasympathetic NS would involve tear, nasal and salivary glands?
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Facial Nerve (VII)
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What pathway of the parasympathetic NS would involve the parotid salivary gland?
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Glossopharyngeal (IX)
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What pathway of the parasympathetic NS would involve cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexus?
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Vagus Nerve (X)
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What is the name of the nervous system of the digestive system?
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Enteric Nervous System
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How many neurons are found in the walls of the digestive tract?
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Over 100 million
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(T/F) The Enteric Nervous System has components in the CNS
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False!
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What nervous system regulates motility and secretion of digestive enzymes and acid with the ANS?
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Enteric NS
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Which fibers secrete AcetylCholine?
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Cholinergic fibers
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Which fibers secrete norepinephrine?
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Adrenergic Fibers
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What sympathetic fibers are adrenergic?
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Postganglionic
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What are the two classes of receptors that acetylcholine binds to?
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Nicotinic receptors
Muscarinic Receptors |
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This receptor can be found on all ANS postganglionic neurons, adrenal medulla, and on skeletal muscle.
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Nicotinic Receptors
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When ACh binds with a nicotinic receptor what kind of action results?
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Excitatory
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What type of receptor occurs on all glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle?
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Muscarinic Receptor
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When ACh binds to a muscarinic receptor, what kind of action results?
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Either excitatory or inhibitory
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What are the two categories of norepinephrine receptors?
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Alpha adrenergic receptors
Beta adrenergic receptors |
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What type of action results from the binding of Norepinephrine to the alpha adrenergic receptors?
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Excitatory
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What type of action results from the binding of norepinephrine to beta adrenergic receptors?
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Inhibitory
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What is the mechanism of NE binding to receptors?
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Functions by means of second messengers
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What will division of the ANS will meth mimic?
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The Sympathetic Nervous System
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What is dual innervation?
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When viscera recieve nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
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The heart slowing down or speeding up is an example of what type of dual innervation?
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Antagonistic of same effector cells
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The pupillary dilator muscle and constrictor pupillae changing pupil size is what type of example of dual innervation?
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Antagonistic Dual innervation of different cells
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The increase of salivary flow from both the innervation of the parasympatheric NS and the sympathetic NS is what type of dual innervation?
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Cooperative act on different effectors.
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What portion of the ANS increases salivary serous cell secretion?
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Parasympathetic
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What portion of the ANS increases salivary mucous cell secretion?
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Sympathetic
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(T/F) Both divisions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS do not innervate an organ equally
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True
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Adrenal medulla, errector pili muscles, sweat glands & many blood vessels are only singly innervated with what type of fiber?
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Sympathetic Fibers
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The increase in firing frequency of what causes vasoconstriction?
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The Sympathetic Tone
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What is a partial constriction of blood vessels called?
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Vasomotor tone
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What is the term for the decrease in firing frequency of the sympathetic tone?
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vasodilation
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What are four regions of the CNS that regulate the ANS?
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Cerebral Cortex
Hypothalamus Reticular Formation Spinal Cord |
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What is influenced by our emotions?
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Cerebral Cortex
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Where do fight or flight responses originate?
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Hypothalamus
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What can respond directly to sensory input from cardiac, vasomotor, & GI tract?
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Reticular Formation
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What controls defecation & micturition reflexes?
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Spinal Cord
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What do sympathomimetics do?
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Enhance sympathetic activity by stimulating receptors or increasing norepi release
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What suppresses sympathetic activity by inhibiting norepi release or blocks receptors?
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Sympatholytics
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What enhances parasympathetic activity?
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Parasympathomimetics
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What suppresses parasympathetic activity?
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Parasympatholytics
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What drug blocks reuptake of serotonin to prolong its mood-elevating effect?
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Prozac
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What is the hormone that causes sleepiness that is in competition with caffeine?
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Adenosine
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How many cranial nerves are in a human brain?
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12
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Where do cranial nerves exit?
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Through foramina
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What are the two cranial nerves that are not ipsilateral?
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II - Optic
IV - Trochlear |
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What is the CN I?
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Olfactory Nerve
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Which hemisphere of the brain does not perceive mathematical skills?
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Representational Hemisphere
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Is the Olfactory Nerve Motor, Sensory, or both?
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Sensory
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What is the CN II?
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Optic Nerve
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Is the optic nerve sensory, motor, or both?
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Sensory
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What is the CN III?
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Oculomotor
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Is the ocolomotor nerve motor, sensory, or both?
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Motor
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What is CN IV?
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Trochlear Nerve
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Is the trochlear nerve sensory, motor, or both?
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Motor
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What is CN V?
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Trigeminal Nerve
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Is the trigeminal nerve motor, sensory, or both?
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both
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What is CN VI?
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Abducens Nerve
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Is the Abducens nerve Motor, sensory, or both?
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Motor
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What is CN VII?
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Facial Nerve
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Is the facial nerve motor, sensory, or both?
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Both
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Where is the origin of the abducens, trigeminal, and facial nerves?
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Pons
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What is CN VIII?
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve
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Is the vestibulocochlear nerve motor, sensory, or both?
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Sensory
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What is CN IX?
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve
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Is the glossopharyngeal nerve motor, sensory, or both?
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Both
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What is CN X?
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Vagus nerve
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Is the vagus nerve sensory, motor, or both?
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Both
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What is CN XI
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Accessory Nerve
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Is the accessory nerve motor, sensory, or both?
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Motor
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Damage to this nerve would cause impared head, neck, and shoulder movement?
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Accessory nerve
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What is CN XII?
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Hypoglossal Nerve
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Is the hypoglossal nerve motor, sensory, or both?
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Motor
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What is the disease that has recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain that is more common in elderly women?
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Trigeminal Neuralgia
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What is a disorder of the facial nerve that causes paralysis of facial muscles on one side?
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Bell's Palsy
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About how long does it take to recover from Bell's Palsy?
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3-5 weeks
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What are three classifications of receptors in the peripheral nervous system?
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Modality
Distribution Origin of Stimuli |
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What are nociceptors?
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Pain receptors
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What are mechanoreceptors?
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Movement receptors
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What classification of receptors include chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, etc?
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Modality
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What do interoceptors do?
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Detect internal stimuli
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What do proprioceptors do?
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Sense position and movements of the body
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What do exteroceptors do?
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Sense stimuli external to the body
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What kind of receptors would sense the ambient temperature?
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Exteroceptors
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Pain receptors are found in all tissues except where?
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The brain
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At what speed do fast pain travel?
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30m/sec
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At what speed do slow pain travel?
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2m/sec
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What type of pain arises from skin, muscled and joints?
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Somatic
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What type of pain comes from stretch, chemical irritants, or ischemia of viscera?
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Visceral
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What are chemicals that stimulate pain fibers?
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Bradykinin, histamine, and prostaglandin
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What is the term for misinterpreted pain?
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Referred Pain
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What affects the intensity of the pain?
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The state of mind
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What type of chemicals can block the transmission of pain signals?
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Endogenous opoids like enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins
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Where are endogenous opoids found?
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Central gray of midbrain and dorsal horn of the spinal cord
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What stops pain signals at dorsal horn?
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Spinal gating
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What can touch fibers inhibit?
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Dorsal horn fibers
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What secretes the endogenous opioids?
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Descending analgesic fibers
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What is the term for the sensation of taste?
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Gustation
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What are the bumps on the tongue called?
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Lingual papillae
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What part of the tongue contains 1/2 of the taste buds and is found at the rear of the tongue?
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Circumvallate
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What is the term for the surface of the tongue?
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Fungiform
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What must molecules be dissolved in to be able to taste them?
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Saliva
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What are the five primary sensations?
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Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
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Why do people often like hot peppers?
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They cause a tiny endorphin rush
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Where are sweet tastes located?
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On the tip of the tongue
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What taste sensations cause activation of second messenger systems?
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Sugars and umami
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What cause cells to be depolarized?
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Sodium and acids
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What do the receptor cells for olfaction form?
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Olfactory mucosa
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About how many odors can be distinguished?
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10,000
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What do the olfactory receptors cover?
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concha and nasal septum
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Olfactory cells are neurons with what attached?
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20 cilia called olfactory hairs
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Where do the axons of olfactory cells pass?
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the Cribiform plate
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How long do olfactory cells survive?
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60 days
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What cells form the axons of the olfactory tracts?
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Bulb cells
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Where do bulb cells lead to?
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Temporal lobe, amygdala, and hypothalamus
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What part of the brain can send signals back through bulb cells?
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Cerebral cortex
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What is the range of hearing?
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20 - 20,000 Hz
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What level of loudness can cause damage in the ear?
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sounds greater than 90dB
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What are the two divisions of the outer ear?
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Auricle or pinna
Auditory canal |
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The tympanic cavity filled with air by what?
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Auditory or eustachian tube.
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What is the auditory tube connected to?
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Nasopharynx
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What allows for the equalization of air pressure on both sides of the eardrum?
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Auditory tube
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What are the three ear ossicles of the middle ear?
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Malleus, incus, stapes
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What two muscles attach to ossicles?
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Stapedius and Tensor tympani muscles
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What is the term for the passageways in the temporal bone?
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Bony labyrinth
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What is the term for the liquid in the tubes inside the bony labyrinth?
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Endolymph
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What is the liquid of the bony labyrinth?
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Perilymph
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Where does hearing come from?
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Inner hair cells
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What are the stereocilia of hair cells attached to?
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Tectorial membrane
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A pitch that was detected at the distal end of the basilar membrane would be which pitch?
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A low-pitched sound
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What sense is a special sense?
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Equilibrium
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Where are receptors that control equilibrium?
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In the vestibular apparatus
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What do the semicircular ducts contain?
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Crista
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What do the saccule and utricle contain?
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Macula
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What type of equilibrium is detected by head orientation?
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Static equilibrium
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What percieves head orientation?
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Macula
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What equilibrium is the perception of motion or acceleration?
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Dynamic equilibrium
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What perceives linear acceleration?
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Macula
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What perceives angular acceleration?
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Crista
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What adds density to the saccule and utricle chambers to enhance the sense of gravity and motion?
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Otoliths
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What is bent when the head is tilted?
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stereocilia
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The hair cells in the semicircular ducts form what?
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Christa ampullaris
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What is another term for eyelids?
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Palpebrae
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What secretes oil to reduce tear evaporation?
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Tarsal glands
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What part of the eye is richly innervated and vascular that is a transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids?
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Conjunctiva
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What cranial nerves innervate the eye muscles?
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III - oculomotor
IV - Trochlear VI - Abducens |
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The sclera and cornea make up what tunic of the eyeball?
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Tunica fibrosa
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What do the choroid, ciliary body, and iris make up?
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Tunica vasculosa
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What does the retina make up?
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Tunica interna
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What is the lens suspended by?
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Suspensory ligaments
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What is the aqueous humor reabsorbed into?
|
Canal of Schlemm
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What is the neural apparatus consist of?
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Retina and Optic nerve
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What is the anterior margin of the retina?
|
Ora serrata
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What keeps the retina pressed against the rear of the eyeball?
|
Vitreous body
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Where are most finely detailed images seen?
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Fovea centralis
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What is the spot where the optic nerve exits the posterior surface of the eye?
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Blind spot
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What could not be seen with an ophthalmoscope?
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Optic Chiasma
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What is the term for being farsighted?
|
Hyperopia
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What is the term for being nearsighted?
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Myopia
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What type of lens would correct for myopia?
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concave
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What type of lens would correct for being farsighted, or hyperopia?
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Convex lens
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What is the most posterior layer of the retina?
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Pigment
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What is the next layer after pigment in the retina?
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Photoreceptor cells
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Of what cells did the photoreceptor cells derive from?
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Ependymal cells
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What type of cells produce night vision?
|
Rod cells
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What are the rod cells studded with?
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Rhodopsin
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What type of cells produce color vision?
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Cone cells
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What is the average weight of the brain?
|
3 - 3.5 lbs
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When referring to the brain which direction is rostral?
|
Towards the nose
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Which direction is caudal?
|
Toward the tail
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What are the four major portions of the brain?
|
Brainstem
Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon |
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Where are 50% of the neurons located in the brain?
|
Cerebellum
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What landmark separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
|
Longitudinal fissure
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What landmark separates the frontal and parietal lobe?
|
Central sulcus
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Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses form what part of the brain?
|
Gray matter
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The bundles of axons would be found in what part of the brain?
|
White matter
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What drains the blood from the brain?
|
Dural venous sinuses
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What supportive structures are formed by the dura mater?
|
Falx cerebri
Falx verebelli Tentorium cerebelli |
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What is the inflammation of the meninges?
|
Meningitis
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What causes meningitis?
|
Bacterial and virus invasion from the nose and throat
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What disease may exhibit high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness and intense headache and may progress to a coma?
|
Meningitis
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How is meningitis diagnosed?
|
Examination of CSF with a lumbar puncture
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What produces the cerebral spinal fluid?
|
Ependymal cells
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How would meningitis cause ventricles to appear?
|
Smaller than normal
|
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How much CSF does the brain produce and absorb per day?
|
500ml
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What does the blood filter through in the brain?
|
Choroid plexus
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How does CSF differ from plasma?
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Has more Na and Cl and less K and Ca
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What are the three functions of CSF?
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Buoyancy
Protection Chemical Stability |
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What absorbs the CSF?
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Arachnoid villi
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What is the blood brain barrier permeable to?
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Lipid-soluble materials
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Where are breaks in the blood-brain barrier where blood has direct access to the brain?
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Between the third and fourth ventricles
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What organs allow for the monitoring of glucose, pH, and osmolarity?
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Circumventricular organs
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What are the three sections of the hindbrain?
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Medulla Oblongata
Pons Cerebellum |
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Which CN nerves' nuclei are located in the medulla oblongata?
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IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus XI - Accessory XII - Hypoglossal |
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What adjusts the rate and force of the heart?
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Cardiac center of Medulla Oblongata
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What adjusts the blood vessel diameter?
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Vasomotor center of the Medulla Oblongata
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What controls the rate and depth of breathing?
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The Respiratory centers fo the Medulla Oblongata
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What controls coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, and movements of the tongue and head?
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Reflex centers of the medulla oblongata
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What provides for the pathways in and out of the cerebellum?
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Pons
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What nerve tracts in the pons are ascending?
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Sensory
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What nerve tracts in the pons are descending?
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Motor
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What cranial nerves innervate the pons?
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V - Trigemenal
VI - Abducens VII - Facial VIII - Vestibulochoclear |
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What part of the brain is mostly responsible for sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expression, facial sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control and posture?
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Pons
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What connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum?
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Vermis
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What are the parallel surface folds of gray matter called?
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Folia
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What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?
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Cerebellar peduncles
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What does the cerebellum do?
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Evaluation of sensory input
Timekeeping Interprets pitch and similar sounds Planning and scheduling |
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What is controls fine movements through the red nucleus?
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Tegmentum
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What sends inhibitory signals to the basal ganglia and thalamus?
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Substantia nigra
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The degeneration of the substantia nigra lead to what?
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Tremors and Parkinsons disease
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Where is pain awareness in the midbrain?
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Central gray matter
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What are the 4 nuclei of the tectum known as?
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Corpora quadrigemina
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What helps to track movement in the sky or air, blinking, pupillary and head turning reflexes?
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The superior colliculus of the tectum
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What helps in the reflex turning of the head to sound?
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The inferior colliculus of the tectum
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What are the clusters of gray matter scattered throughout the pons, midbrain, and medulla called?
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The reticular activating system
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What relays information from eyes and ears to the cerebellum?
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Reticular activating system
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What is the term for ignoring repetitive, inconsequential stimuli?
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Habituation
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What does injury to the reticular activating system lead to?
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Irreversible coma
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What records voltage changes from postsynaptic potentials in the cerebral cortex?
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Electroencephalogram
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What are the four types of brain waves?
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Alpha
Beta Theta Delta |
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What type of brain waves occur during deep sleep?
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Delta
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What type of brain waves occur when awake and resting with eyes closed?
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Alpha
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What types of brain waves occur with eyes open performing mental tasks?
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Beta
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What kind of brain waves occur during sleep or emotional stress?
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Theta
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What is the term for the inhibition of muscular activity?
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sleep paralysis
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What is the biological clock that sets our circadian rhythm?
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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What is controlled by hypothalamus, reticular formation, thalamus, and the cerebral cortex?
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Sleep
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What are two restorative effects of sleep?
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Brain glycogen levels increase
Memories strengthened |
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What stage of sleep is a drifting sensation?
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Stage 1
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What stage of sleep is a person still easily aroused?
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Stage 2
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At what stage of sleep do vital signs change?
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Stage 3
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At what stage of sleep is a person in deep sleep?
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Stage 4
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About how many times a night does REM sleep occur?
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5 times
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When a person is unaware of objects or limbs on one side of the body, this is called?
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Contralateral neglect syndrome
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A person with contralateral neglect syndrome would be expected to have a lesion on what lobe?
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Parietal lobe
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What is the inability to recognize objects?
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Agnosia
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What is the inability to recognize faces?
|
Prosopagnosia
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Agnosia and prospagnosia would come from lesions on what lobe?
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Temporal lobe
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Problems with personality would come from lesions on what lobe?
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Frontal lobe
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When a person cannot store new data this is called?
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Anterograde amnesia
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When a person has trouble with reading comprehension, this is called?
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Pathological inability to forget
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When a person cannot remember old data, this is called?
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Retrograde amnesia
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What is important in organizing sensory and cognitive information into a memory?
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Hippocampus
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What part of the brain helps to learn motor skills?
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Cerebellum
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What part of the brain is important in emotional memory?
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Amygdala
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What controls how emotions are expressed?
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The prefrontal cortex
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Where do emotions form?
|
Hypothalamus and amygdala
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What is the somatosensory area?
|
Postcentral gyrus
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What are special senses?
|
Smell
Taste Vision Hearing Equilibrium |
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Where is taste located?
|
Postcentral Gyrus
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Where is smell processed?
|
Medial temporal lobe & inferior frontal lobe
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Where is vision processed?
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Occipital Lobe
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Where is hearing processed?
|
Superior temporal lobe
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Where is equilibrium processed?
|
Cerebellum
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The parietal lobe contains what association area?
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Somesthetic association area
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The association area of the occipital lobe is?
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Visual association area
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Where are faces recognized?
|
Temporal lobe
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What association area is in the temporal lobe?
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Auditory association area
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Where is the primary motor area of the brain?
|
Precentral gyrus
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Where does the intention to contract a muscle begin?
|
Premotor area of frontal lobes
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What area permits recognition of spoken and written language?
|
Wernickes Area
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What area generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips?
|
Broca's Area
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What do affective language area lesions produce?
|
Aprosodia
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A person with flat emotionless speech would have?
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Aprosodia
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What is the general term for any language deficit from lesions?
|
Aphasia
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A person with slow speech, and a small vocabulary would most likely have a lesion to which language area?
|
Broca's area
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A person with normal and excessive speech, but makes little sense would most likely have a lesion to which language area?
|
Wernicke's Area
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What is the term for the condition where speech and understanding are normal but cannot make sense of text and pictures?
|
Anomic aphasia
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What hemisphere of the brain is categorical?
|
Left hemisphere
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|
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What hemisphere is specialized for spoken and written language, math, science, and analyzation?
|
Categorical hemisphere (left)
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What hemisphere is representational?
|
Right Hemisphere
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What part of the brain is more holistic, percieves spatial relationships, music and artistic?
|
Representational (right)
|
|
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What allows females to have more communication between hemispheres?
|
A thicker corpus callosum
|
|
|
What condition causes muscular incoordination that was caused by brain damage during fetal development?
|
Cerebral palsy
|
|
|
What is the condition of damage to the brain from a blow to the head?
|
Concussion
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|
|
What is the inflammation of the brain due to infection?
|
Encephalitis
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|
|
What is the sudden massive discharge of neurons which lead to seizures?
|
Epilepsy
|
|
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What are severe recurring headaches?
|
Migraine Headaches
|
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What is the thought disorder involving delusions?
|
Schizophrenia
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