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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the bone
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*Supporting and protecting soft tissues
*Attachment site for muscles making movement possible. *Storage for minerals, calcium & phosphate -- minerals homeostasis *Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis) *Energy storage in yellow bone marrow |
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Diaphysis
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Shaft of a long bone
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Epiphysis
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The end part of a long bone
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metaphyses
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areas between diaphysis and epiphysis and include the epiphyseal plate in growing bones.
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Medullary cavity |
Aka marrow cavity. Central cavity of bone shafts where red or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored. |
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Articular cartilage
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Over joint surfaces, act as friction reducer & shock absorber... hyaline cartilage that lacks perchondrium.
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Periosteum
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tough membrane covering the bone but not the cartilage.
-outer fibrous (dense irregular CT) -inner osteogenic |
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Endosteum
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lining of marrow cavity.
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What provides bone's hardness?
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inorganic mineral salts: hydroxyaptite (calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide) & calcium carbonate
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What provides bone's flexibility?
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Collagen fibers
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4 types of bone cells
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osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteacytes, osteoclasts
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osteogenic cells
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undifferentiated, can devide to replace themselves and become osteoblasts. found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum.
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osteoblasts
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form matrix & collagen fibers but can't devide.
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osteocyte
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mature cells that no longer secrete matrix. Maintains bone.
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Osteoclasts
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huge cells from fused monocytes (WBC). Function in bone resorption at surfaces such as endosteum.
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Dense (Conpact) bone
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Looks like solid hard layer. Makes up shaft of long bones and the external layer of all bones, resists stresses produced by weight and movement.
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Spongy bone
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Latticework of plates of bone called Trabeculae oriented along lines of stress. Spaces in between these struts are filled with red marrow where blood cells develop. Found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones such as hip bones, sternum, sides of skull, and ribs.
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Red Bone Marrow
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Fills space in spongy bone. Hemopoiesis.
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Yellow Bone Marrow
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Fat & adipocytes. In medullary cavity of long bones. Energy starage.
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Periosteum arteries
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supply periosteum
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Nutrient arteries
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Enter through nutrient foramen. Supplies compact bone of diaphysis & red marrow.
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metaphyseal & epiphyseal Arteries
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supply red marrow & bone tissue of epiphyses.
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All embryonic CT begins as ______.
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Mesenchyme
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Bone formation is termed _____.
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ossification or osteogenesis
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What are the two types of ossification?
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Intramembranous and endochondral
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Intramembranous ossification
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the formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes. multiple ossification centers within the bone, builds flat bones. Mesenchyme differentiate into osteogenic cells. Developing period is only 2 years.
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endochondral ossification
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involves replacement of cartilage by bone and forms most of the bones of the body. (all bones except skull and clavicle, mostly long bones.) There are 2 ossification centers at epiphyses. Mesenchyme differentiates into hyaline cartilage. osteocytes form. Still developing to puberty.
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Bone growth in length
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epiphyseal plate or cartilage growth plate, cartilage cells are produced by mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate, cartilage cells are destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of plate. between age 18 and 25 epiphyseal plates close.
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Bone growth in width
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periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts.
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Factors affecting bone growth
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*Nutrition (minerals, vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin c) *Hormones hGH, thyroid and insulin
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Remodeling
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the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue.
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fractures
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break in bone
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closed treatment (of broken bone)
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restore pieces to normal position by manipulation.
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open reduction (of broken bone)
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realignment during surgery
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if blood calcium level decreases
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*Parathyroid gland cells detect calcium concentration. *Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted. *Osteoclast activity increased, kidney retains Ca+2 and produces calcitriol.
*increase is Ca+2 level/ return to homeostasis |
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If Ca+2 get too high
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Calcitonin hormone is secreted from thyroid, inhibits osteoclast activity, increases bone formation by osteoblasts
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Effects of aging on bone
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demineralization & decreased rate of protein synthesis
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Arthrology
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Study of joints
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synarthrosis
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immovable joint
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Amphiarthrosis
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slightly movable joint
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diarthrosis
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freely movable joint
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Fibrous joint
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lack synovial cavity. Little or no movement. Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses. bones held together by fibrous connective tissue (ensemble irregular = collagen)
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Cartilaginous joints
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Lacks a synovial cavity. Little or no movement. bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. Synchondroses (costal cartilage & epiphyseal plate) and symphyses (intervertebral discs and symphyses.)
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synovial joints
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Synovial cavity separates articulating bones. Freely movable. Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers bone, reduces friction, absorbs shock. Articular capsule surrounds joint. Outer = fibrous capsule called ligaments -thickened continuation of periosteum. Inner= Synovial membrane -inner lining of capsule.
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synovial fluid
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secretes from synovial membrane, contains hyaluronic acid. reduces friction, absorbs shock, supplies O2 and nutrients, removed CO2 and wastes, has phagocytic cells.
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Sprain
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stretch or tear to ligament
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Strain
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stretch or tear to muscle or tendon.
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Bursae
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fluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint capsule, reduces friction between moving structures.
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Tendon sheaths
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tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons at wrist and ankle.
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Bursitis
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chronic inflammation of bursa
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disorder, cartilage attacked, inflammation swelling and pain, final step is fusion of joint.
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Osteoarthritis
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degenerative joint disease- aging, wear and tear. Noninflammatory- no swelling, only cartilage is affected not synovial membrane. Deterioration of cartilage restrict movement. Pain upon awakening-- disappears with movement.
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Gouty arthritis
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Urate crystals build up in joints-- pain. inflammation. bone fuses. middle aged men with abnormal gene, joints of feet and at big toe.
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Muscle tissue
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cells that convert chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy.
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Myology
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Study of muscles.
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Functions of muscle tissue
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*producing movements *stabilizing body positions *regulating organ volumes -smooth muscle sphincters *Movements of substances within the body *producing heat
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excitability
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respond to chemicals released from nerve cells
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conductivity
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ability to propagate electrical signals over membrane
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contractility
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ability to shorten and generate force
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extensibility
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ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
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elasticity
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ability to return to original shape after being stretched.
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epimysium
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CT that surrounds the whole muscle
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perimysium
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CT that surrounds bundles (fascicles)
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endomysium
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CT that separates individual muscle cells
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Sarcolemma
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cell membrane of a striated muscle cell.
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T tubules
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tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber.
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Sarcoplasm
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cytoplasm. large amounts of glycogen for energy production. myoglobin for oxygen storage.
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Sarcomere
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the basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscle.
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contractile protiens
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myosin and actin
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Regulatory proteins
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troponin and tropomyosin
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structural proteins which provide proper alignment, elasticity and extensibility
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titin, myomesin, nebulin and dystophin
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Tropomyosin
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a regulatory protein that covers the actin binding sites preventing their union with myosin cross bridges.
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Troponin
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a regulatory protein that has 3 binding sites for tropoyosin, actin and Ca. When Ca combines with troponin, tropomyosin slips away from its blocking position between actin and myosin. then contraction can occur.
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Crossbridge
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when myosin reacts with actin
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isotonic contraction
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a load is moved. *Concentric contraction- a muscle shortens to produce force and movement. *Eccentric contractions- a muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement.
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Isometric contraction
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No movement occurs. tension is generated without muscle shortening. *maintaining posture* & supports objects in a fixed position.
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Slow oxidative |
Muscle fiber (slow twitch) for maintaining posture & endurance type activities. |
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Oxidative glycolytic |
Muscle fiber that splits ATP at a fast rate, used for walking and sprinting. |
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Fast glycolytic |
Muscle fiber used for anaerobic movements for short duration, like weight lifting. |
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Smooth muscle |
Lacks sarcomeres, muscle fibers contract and twist into a helix as it shortens. And relaxes by untwisting. Has no troponin, uses phosphorylation of myosin to bind to actin. |
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Atrophy |
Decease. Caused by disuse. Or severing the nerve supply. |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in size. Resulting from forceful repetitive muscular activity and an increase from myofibrilis, SR & mitochondria. |
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Action potential or aka... |
Nerve impulse |
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Site where motor nueron connects to skeletal muscle fiber is called |
Nueromuscular junction |
