Bio201 Chapter 1

Front 1

Define "anatomy"

Back 1

Anatomy studies structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Includes gross/macroscopic (regional, systemic, surface), microscopic (cytology = cells, histology = tissues), and developmental

Front 2

Define "physiology"

Back 2

Physiology concerns the function of the body, most subdivisions refer to specific organ systems (renal physiology, neurophysiology, etc.)

Front 3

Principle of Complementarity

Back 3

function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form

Front 4

Levels of structural organizaiton

Back 4

chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

Front 5

Name 11 organ systems

Back 5

Integumentary system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Nervous system, Endocrine system, Cardiovascular system, Lymphatic system/Immunity, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urinary system, Male reproductive system, Female reproductive system

Front 6

Integumentary system: components and function

Back 6

Includes hair, skin (epidermis, dermis), nails, exocrine glands

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands

Front 7

Skeletal system: components and function

Back 7

Includes bones, bone marrow, connecting ligaments, tendons, and joints

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals

Front 8

Muscular system: components and function

Back 8

Includes cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat

Front 9

Nervous system: components and function

Back 9

Includes brain, sensory receptors, nerves, nerve fibers, spinal cord

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Front 10

Endocrine system: components and function

Back 10

Includes hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland/parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary/testis

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Front 11

Cardiovascular system: components and function

Back 11

Includes heart, blood, blood vessels, veins, arteries, capillaries

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood

Front 12

Lymphatic system/Immunity: components and function

Back 12

Includes red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts in the attack against foreign substances within the body

Front 13

Respiratory system: components and function

Back 13

Includes: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung, diaphragm

Keeps blood constantly suppled with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Front 14

Digestive system: components and function

Back 14

Includes oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

Front 15

Urinary system: components and function

Back 15

Includes kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

Front 16

Male reproductive system: components and function

Back 16

Includes penis, prostate gland, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract

Front 17

Female reproductive system: components and function

Back 17

Includes mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina

Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn

Front 18

Functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans

Back 18

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Front 19

Survival needs of the body

Back 19

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

Front 20

Define homeostasis and its significance

Back 20

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. It indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium

Front 21

Negative feedback

Back 21

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. In these systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. These mechanism cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value. ex: regulation of body temp

Front 22

Positive feedback

Back 22

In positive feedback mechanisms, the result or response enhances the original stimulus to that the activity (output) is accelerated. This feedback mechanism is positive because the change that occurs proceeds in the same direction as the initial disturbance, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range. ex: labor contractions and blood clotting

Front 23

Homeostatic imbalance

Back 23

Homeostatis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance, a condition called homeostatic imbalance

Front 24

Superior (cranial)

Back 24

Toward the head end of upper part of a structure or the body; above

Ex: the head is superior to the abdomen

Front 25

Inferior (caudal)

Back 25

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Ex: the naval is inferior to the chin

Front 26

Ventral (anterior)

Back 26

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Ex: the breastbone is anterior to the spine

Front 27

Dorsal (posterior)

Back 27

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Ex: the heart is posterior to the breastbone

Front 28

Medial

Back 28

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Ex: the heart is medial to the arm

Front 29

Lateral

Back 29

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Ex: the arms are lateral to the chest

Front 30

Intermediate

Back 30

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Ex: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder

Front 31

Proximal

Back 31

Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Front 32

Distal

Back 32

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Ex: the knee is distal to the thigh

Front 33

Superficial (external)

Back 33

Toward or at the body surface

Ex: the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Front 34

Deep (internal)

Back 34

Away from the body surface; more internal

Ex: the lungs are deep to the skin

Front 35

Nose (regional term)

Back 35

nasal

Front 36

Mouth (regional term)

Back 36

oral

Front 37

Neck (regional term)

Back 37

cervical

Front 38

Point of shoulder (regional term)

Back 38

acromial

Front 39

Armpit (regional term)

Back 39

axillary

Front 40

Abdomen (regional term)

Back 40

abdominal

Front 41

Arm (regional term)

Back 41

brachial

Front 42

Front of elbow (regional term)

Back 42

antecubital

Front 43

Pelvis (regional term)

Back 43

pelvic

Front 44

Wrist (regional term)

Back 44

carpal

Front 45

Thumb (regional term)

Back 45

pollex

Front 46

Palm (regional term)

Back 46

palmar

Front 47

Fingers (regional term)

Back 47

digital

Front 48

Genital region (regional term)

Back 48

pubic

Front 49

Anterior knee (regional term)

Back 49

patellar

Front 50

Leg (regional term)

Back 50

crural

Front 51

Foot (regional term)

Back 51

pedal

Front 52

Ankle (regional term)

Back 52

tarsal

Front 53

Toes (regional term)

Back 53

digital

Front 54

Great toe (regional term)

Back 54

hallux

Front 55

Side of leg (regional term)

Back 55

fibular, or peroneal

Front 56

Thigh (regional term)

Back 56

femoral

Front 57

Groin (regional term)

Back 57

inguinal

Front 58

Hip (regional term)

Back 58

coxal

Front 59

Navel (regional term)

Back 59

umbilical

Front 60

Breast (regional term)

Back 60

mammary

Front 61

Chest (regional term)

Back 61

thoracic

Front 62

Breastbone (regional term)

Back 62

sternal

Front 63

Chin (regional term)

Back 63

mental

Front 64

Cheek (regional term)

Back 64

buccal

Front 65

Eye (regional term)

Back 65

orbital

Front 66

Forehead (regional term)

Back 66

frontal

Front 67

Head (regional term)

Back 67

Cephalic

Front 68

Ear (regional term)

Back 68

otic

Front 69

Hand (regional term)

Back 69

manus

Front 70

Back of head or base of skull (regional term)

Back 70

occipital

Front 71

Spinal column (regional term)

Back 71

vertebral

Front 72

Shoulder blade (regional term)

Back 72

scapular

Front 73

Back (regional term)

Back 73

dorsum or dorsal

Front 74

Back of elbow (regional term)

Back 74

olecranal

Front 75

Loin (regional term)

Back 75

lumbar

Front 76

Between hips (regional term)

Back 76

sacral

Front 77

Buttocks (regional term)

Back 77

gluteal

Front 78

Region between anus and external genitalia (regional term)

Back 78

perineal

Front 79

Back of knee (regional term)

Back 79

popliteal

Front 80

Calf (regional term)

Back 80

sural

Front 81

Heel (regional term)

Back 81

calcaneal

Front 82

Sole of foot (regional term)

Back 82

plantar

Front 83

Sagittal plane: midsagittal and parasagittal

Back 83

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is the median plane, or midsagittal plane. All other sagittal planes, offset from the midline, are parasagittal planes

Front 84

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

Back 84

Lies vertically. Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Also called a coronal plane.

Front 85

Transverse/horizontal plane

Back 85

Runs horizontally from left to right, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. Also called a cross section. Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes are called oblique sections.

Front 86

2 major internal body cavities

Back 86

dorsal body cavity: includes the cranial cavity (skull and brain) and the vertebral/spinal cavity (encloses spinal cord)

Ventral body cavity: thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

*Ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called the viscera, or visceral organs

Front 87

Thoracic cavity

Back 87

The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. It is further subdivided into lateral pleural cavities, each enveloping a lung, and the medial mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others).

Front 88

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 88

The abdominopelvic cavity has two parts which are not physically separated by a muscular or membrane wall. Its superior portion, the abdominal cavity, contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs. The inferior part, the pelvic cavity, lies in the bony pelvis and contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.

Front 89

Right hypochondriac region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 89

(located upper left corner)

gallbladder, liver, right kidney, ascending colon, transverse colon

Front 90

Epigastric region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 90

(located upper center)

liver, stomach, pancreas, esophagus, right and left kidneys, transverse colon

Front 91

Left hypochondriac region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 91

(located upper right corner)

stomach, tip of liver, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, transverse colon, descending colon

Front 92

Right lumbar region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 92

(located middle left)

liver, kidney, gallbladder, small intestine, ascending colon

Front 93

Umbilical region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 93

(located center)

stomach, pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, right and left kidneys

Front 94

Left lumbar region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 94

(located middle right)

left kidney, small intestine, descending colon

Front 95

Right Iliac (Inguinal) region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 95

(located lower left corner)

small intestine, appendix, ascending colon, right ovary

Front 96

Hypogastric (pubic) region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 96

(located lower middle section)

small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, right and left ovaries

Front 97

Left Iliac (Inguinal) region

(abdominopelvic regions)

Back 97

(located lower right corner)

small intestine, sigmoid colon, descending colon, left ovary

Front 98

Additional body cavities

Back 98

oral and digestive cavities, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, middle ear cavities, synovial (joint) cavities

Front 99

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

Back 99

Right upper quadrant (when looking at diagram it is on the left side), left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Front 100

Name the serous membranes and indicate their common function

Back 100

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thing, double-layered membrane, called the serosa or serous membrane.

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the parietal serosa.

It folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa, covering the organs in the cavity.

*visceral on organ's surface, parietal lines cavity walls