Bio2 Exam 2 Chap 43

Front 1

vertebrate body organization

Back 1

levels from simple to complex: cells, tissues, organs (composed or 2 or more kinds of tissues), organ systems, organism

mammals' diaphragm divides the coelom into the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity

Front 2

homeotic genes

Back 2

control the developmental fate of particular segments or regions of an animal's body; found in all animals

Front 3

vertebrate tissues

Back 3

muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective

Front 4

embryonic germ layer tissues

Back 4

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Front 5

epithelial tissues

Back 5

provide a selectively permeable barrier, protect from dehydration or mechanical damage, provide sensory surfaces, produce glands (invaginated epithelium) that secrete materials

Front 6

epithelial cells

Back 6

cover structures and line the walls of body cavities; Rest on basal lamina or basement membrane with a free side (Apical surface); are avascular, therefore relatively thin since they received materials via diffusion from adjacent tissue's blood vessels

SIMPLE is a single layer of epithelial cells; STRATIFIED is more than one layer of epithelial cells

Front 7

epithelial cells: squamous

Back 7

flattened irregular shape and tapered edges

Front 8

epithelial cells: cuboidal

Back 8

cubed shape, often found in glands

Front 9

epithelial cells:columnar

Back 9

cylinder shaped shells that contain goblet cells that secrete mucus

Front 10

simple VS stratified

Back 10

simple is a single layer of epithelial cells; stratified is more than one layer of epithelial cells

Front 11

derived from invaginated epithelium;
ENDOCRINE GLAND secrete HORMONES that travel through the BLOODSTREAM;
EXOCRINE GLAND secrete SUBSTANCES through ducts onto a FREE SURFACE

Back 11

vertebrate glands

Front 12

provided via keratin (waterproofing protein), stratified squamous; outer layer of dead squamous

Back 12

epidermis protection

Front 13

cells embedded in an extracellular (protein fibers plus ground substance including carbohydrates) they produce; all originate from mesoderm germ layer; act to connect, anchor, and support (dense irregular ct produces tough coverings that package organs); BONE,CARTILAGE, BLOOD AND ADIPOSE(FAT)

Back 13

connective tissue

Front 14

Composed of glycoproteins (chondroitin) and collagen fibers

Back 14

cartilage (chondrocytes: cartilage cells)

Front 15

a special form of connective tissue; organic extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and salt crystals; serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions; bone marrow is a site for blood cell formations

Back 15

BONE

Front 16

living bone cell found in an extracellular matrix hardened with CALCIUM phosphate crystals; communicate through CANALICULI

Back 16

osteocyte

Front 17

found WITHIN SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLE; these connections allow coordinated contractions

Back 17

intercellular connections

Front 18

contraction of skeletal muscles anchored via TENDON TO BONES

Back 18

vertebrate locomotion

Front 19

cells that contract or shorten; unique in relative abundance and organization of actin and myosin fibers contained in myofibrils

SKELETAL MUSCLE- multi-nucleated, striated, and voluntary; found connected to bone for locomotion

CARDIAC MUSCLE- mono-nucleated, striated, and involuntary; found in heart; contain intercalated disks (gap junctions for direct interconnections)

SMOOTH MUSCLE- mono-nucleated, unstriated, and involuntary; found surrounding hollow tubes and cavities of organs

Back 19

muscle cells

Front 20

WHAT IS SKELETAL MUSCLE

Back 20

SKELETAL MUSCLE- multi-nucleated, striated, and voluntary; found connected to bone for locomotion

Front 21

WHAT IS CARDIAC MUSCLE-

Back 21

mono-nucleated, striated, and involuntary; found in HEART; contain intercalated disks (gap junctions for direct interconnections)

Front 22

WHAT IS SMOOTH MUSCLE?

Back 22

SMOOTH MUSCLE- mono-nucleated, unstriated, and involuntary; found surrounding hollow tubes and cavities of organs

Front 23

neurons

Back 23

excitable cells that produce and conduct electrochemical impulses
-include cell body (contains nucleus and organelles),

-DENDRITES (highly branched extensions that conduct impulsesTOWARD the cell body);

-AXON(single cytoplasmic extension that conducts impulses AWAY from cell body)

Front 24

neuroglia

Back 24

do NOT conduct electrical impulses; SUPPORTS and insulate neurons and ELEMINATE foreign materials in and around neurons;

Front 25

myelin sheath

Back 25

INSULATING COVERformed by GLIAL CELLSaround AXONS; Schwann cells form in PNS and oligodendrocytes form in CNS

Front 26

nodes of Ranvier

Back 26

GAPS in myelin sheaths, associated with ACCELERATION OF IMPULSES

Front 27

myelin sheath; SCHWANN CELLS

Back 27

form in PNS
(nerves and ganglia)

Front 28

myelin sheath; OLIGODENDROCYTES

Back 28

form in CNS
(brain and spinal cord)

Front 29

nervous system

Back 29

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (nerves and ganglia)

Front 30

homeostasis

Back 30

The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a relatively constant internal EQUILIBRIUM by adjusting its physiological processes

Front 31

conformers vs/ regulators

Back 31

CONFORMERS maintain SAME fluid composition as environment (lower energy costs)
REGULATORS maintain internal composition of fluids DIFFERENT from environment at a higher energy cost

Front 32

feed-forward regulation
(HORSE RACE)

Back 32

physiological changes that prepares the organism for ANTICIPATED CHANGE

Front 33

feedback mechanisms

Back 33

process includes stimulus, sensor, set point, integrating center, effector, response

Front 34

Negative feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors) while positive feedback DOES WHAT?

Back 34

Negative feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors) while positive feedback EMPHASIZES CHANGE.

Front 35

body temperature

Back 35

controlled by HYPOTHALAMUS; a rise in the set point (as in the induction phase of a fever) would trigger muscles contracting causing SHIVERS

Front 36

release of FACTORS INTO INTERSTITIAL FLUIDS by cells that INFLUENCE the activity of nearby cells

Back 36

paracrine regulation

Front 37

a chemical messenger secreted from GLANDS INTO THE BLOOD that can act on both nearby and distant target cells thereby REGULATING ORGAN SYSTEMS

Back 37

hormones

Front 38

target cells

Back 38

cells with SPECIFIC RECEPTORS (can be located on the surface or inside cell) that allow interaction of HORMONES or NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Front 39

NAME 2 body fluid AND WHAT IS THE BARRIER BETWEEN THEM

Back 39

INTRACELLULAR- inside cells (contains most fluid)

EXTRACELLULAR- outside cells, includes plasma and interstitial fluid

barrier between intracellular and extracellular in plants and animals is PLASMA MEMBRANE

Front 40

(BODY FLUDS) extracellular
AND WHAT DOES IT INCLUDE?

Back 40

extracellular - outside cells, includes plasma and interstitial fluid

Front 41

(BODY FLUID) inside cells (contains most fluid)

Back 41

INTRACELLULAR

Front 42

solute movement across plasma membrane

Back 42

utilize simple diffusion, ATP-powered active transport, transporters, and facilitated diffusion.

Front 43

Net movement of substances from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration thru random motion

Back 43

diffusion
Consider: With diffusion, form promotes function, so epithelium specialized for diffusion would be thin with a relatively large surface area

Front 44

Facilitated diffusion

Back 44

CARRIER PROTEIN facilitates solute movement in response to [gradient] thru CONFORMATIONAL change

Front 45

Diffusion of water in response to water [gradient] caused by solute presence; net (free) water movement (via diffusion) across membrane towards a higher solute concentration, therefore, WATER moves from a region of HIGH water concentration to one of LOW water concentration

Back 45

osmosis

Front 46

solute

Back 46

SUBSTANCE dissolved in solvent

Front 47

solvent

Back 47

THE LIQUID the solute dissolved within

Front 48

Mixture of solvent and solute

Back 48

solution

Front 49

isotonic

Back 49

Comparison of two solutions where both have EQUAL [solute], therefore have equal [water]…no concentration gradient for water, so no net movement of water

Front 50

In comparison of two solutions with unequal osmotic concentration, the solution with HIGHER SOLUTE concentration; free water moves into hypertonic solution

Back 50

hypertonic

Front 51

In comparison of two solutions with unequal osmotic concentration, the solution with LOWER SOLUTE concentration; free water moves out of hypotonic solution

Back 51

hypotonic

Front 52

If ATP production was regulated by positive feedback, then high levels of ATP in muscle cells would
A. stimulate more ATP production.
B. inhibit more ATP production.
C. not alter ATP production.
D. stimulate ATP degradation.
E. All of the answers for this question are correct.

Back 52

A. stimulate more ATP production.

Front 53

103. Homeotic genes
A. are only present in vertebrates.
B. are only present in insects and vertebrates.
C. are found in all animals.
D. have widely varied functions from species to species.
E. are involved in the formation, but not the positioning, of organs.

Back 53

C. are found in all animals.

Front 54

In which of the following locations would you find skeletal muscle?
A. biceps muscle
B. heart
C. arterial wall
D. small intestine
E. bronchiole

Back 54

A. biceps muscle

Front 55

Epithelial membranes are not very thick because
A. epithelial tissues cannot support other cells growing on top of the tissue.
B. epithelial tissues are nourished by blood vessels in adjacent tissues, thus diffusion is limited to thin tissues.
C. epithelial tissues can only reach a certain level of thickness because of their pre-programmed cell growth.
D. epithelial tissues that are much greater than a few cell layers in thickness collapse because of drying conditions caused by the environment.
E. epithelial tissues are not able to grow past several cell layers because of an interrupted cell cycle which occurs after several complete cell cycles.

Back 55

B. epithelial tissues are nourished by blood vessels in adjacent tissues, thus diffusion is limited to thin tissues.