Bio1B Terms

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allometry

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differential growth rates in an organisms body

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allopatric speciation

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geographic speciation due to physical isolation

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analogous

Back 3

serve the same function but evolved independently

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apomorphy

Back 4

derived character state

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bottleneck effect

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reduction in gene pool, and the changes in gene frequency that result

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convergent evolution

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The independent evolution of structural or functional similarity in two or more unrelated or distantly related lineages or forms that is not based on genotypic similarity and common ancestry;

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divergent evolution

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a trait of common evolutionary origin evolves to serve different purposes

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exaptation

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the current function was not original function after the trait evolved

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founder principle

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the founding population does not represent a random sample from the original population

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genetic isolation

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produce steril offspring, cannot breed

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homologous

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structures that are alike because of shared ancestory, may have different function

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macroevolution

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speciation, happens in large populations

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microevolution

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changes in allele frequencies

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ontogeny

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describes origin and development of an organism

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plesiomorphy

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ancestral trait

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symplesiomorphy

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shared trait because of ancestory, not indicative of close phylogenic relationship

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synapomorphy

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shared derived trait

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ephemereal

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existing only briefly

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muellerian mimicry

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many unrelated species have the same warning pattern

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batesian mimicry

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a species immitates an actually dangerous species

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sympatric

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speciation without geographic isolation

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heterochrony

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a developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape

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homoplasies

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apparent homologies that are not congruent with the plurality of characters

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homoplasy

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possession by two or more species of a similar or identical character state that has NOT been derived by both species from their common ancestor

embraces convergence and evolutionary reversal

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vicariance

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separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population into separate populations

due to physical barrier

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endemic

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native to a particular geographic area

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promisians

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premonkeys

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hominoids

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apes and hominids

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hominids

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humans and their direct ancestors

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directional selection

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fixation due to relative fitness

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balancing selection

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2 or more alleles maintained due to selection, such as heterozygote advantage and frequency dependent selection

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autopolyploidy

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doubling of chromosomes in one lineage

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allopolyploidy

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doubling of chroms after hybridization between two lineages

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Cuvier

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catastrophism - every boundary between strata are due to flood, etc, killing many species

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Hutton

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Gradualism - changes are ongoing but slow

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Lyell

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Uniformitarianism (modified gradualism) - geologic processes are the same today as in the past

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LaMarck

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Acquired Characteristics - ex. giraffe stretching neck -> taller necks in offspring

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Malthus

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essay on the principles of populations

nature acts to limit population numbers