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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genetic Engineering
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Efforts to minipulate DNA sequences in organisms.
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Biotechnology
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The minipulation of organism to create products or to cure disease.
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Prions
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An infectious protein that is thought to cause disease by inducing other proteins to assume an abnormal 3D structure
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Reverse Transcriptase
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Catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand from an RNA template
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Genetic Cloning
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The process of producing many identical copies of a gene.
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Complementary DNA (cDNA)
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DNA created in the lab from an RNA transcription, using
reverse transcriptase, corresponds to a particular gene but lacks introns. |
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Plasmids
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Small circular DNA molecule, independent of the cell’s chromosome.
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Restriction Endonucleases
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Bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific base
sequences. |
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Recognition Site
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The specific sequence of DNA bases cut by a certain restriction
endonuclease. |
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Sticky Ends
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The short, single stranded ends of a DNA molecule cut by restriction
endonuclease. Tend to form Hydrogen bonds w/ each other. |
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Recombinant DNA technology
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Ability to create novel DNA sequences by cutting specific
sequences and pasting them into new locations. |
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Vector
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A vehicle for transferring recombinant genes to a new host.
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Transformation
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Incorporation of DNA obtained directly from the environment into the
genome. Occurs naturally in some bacteria, can be induced in the lab. |
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cDNA library
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A collection of bacterial cells each containing a vector w/ one cDNA from a
particular cell type of tissue. |
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Probe
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Single-stranded fragment of a labeled, known gene that binds to a complementary
sequence in the sample being analyzed. |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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An in vitro DNA synthesis over and over to amplify the
number of copies of that sequence. |
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Taq Polymerase
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Heat-Stable form of a DNA polymerase.
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Dideoxy Polymerase
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A lab technique for determining the exact nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Relies on the use of dideoxynucleotides triphosphates, which terminate DNA replication. |
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Gene Therapy
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The treatment of an inherited disease by introducing normal alleles.
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Stem Cells
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Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to give rise to any tissue cell.
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Gall
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Tumor-like growth that forms on plants that are infected w/ certain bacteria or parasites.
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Virus
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Obligate, intracellular parasite.
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Particle or Agents
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Non-living infectious entity, such as a virus.
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Bacteriophage
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A virus that infects bacteria
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Epidemic
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A disease that affects a large number of people at the same time
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Virulant
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Tended to cause severe disease
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AIDS
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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Immune System
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Body’s defense system against disease
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Capsid
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A shell of protein enclosing the genome of virus particles
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Envelope
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A membrane-like covering that encloses some viruses and their capsid coats,
shielding them from attack by the host’s immune system |
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Enveloped
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In a virus, having an envelope surrounding its capsid coat
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Vaccine
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Preparation that primes a host’s immune system to respond to a specific type of virus
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Lytic Replication Virus
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A type of viral replication in which new virus particles are made
inside a host cell and eventually burst out of the cell, killing it. |
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Virion
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A singled mature virus particle.
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Antibody
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A protein that binds w/ high specificity to a particular site on another molecule.
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Antigens
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Any foreign molecule that can stimulate a specific response by the immune system.
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Inactivated Viruses
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Not capable of causing an infection
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Attenuated Virus
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A virus that is functional but has been rendered nonvirulent for a certain
species. Used for vaccines. |
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Lysogenic Replacation Virus
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A type of viral replication in which viral DNA is inserted into
the host’s chromosomes, remaining there indefinitely and passively replicating whenever the host cell divides. |
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CD4
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Particular membrane protein, found on surfaces of thyphocytes
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Co-Receptors
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Any membrane protein that acts w/ some other membrane protein in a cell
interaction or cell response. |
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RNA replicase
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A viral enzyme that can synthesis RNA from an RNA template
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RetroVirus
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Viruses that reverse-transcribe their genome
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Protease
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An enzyme that can break apart proteins, be cleaving the peptide bonds between
amino acids |
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Combination Therapy
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Medical therapy that involves dosing an infected patient w/ several
drugs simultaneously, to lessen the chances of the pathogen evolving resistance |
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Positive-Sense Virus
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the genome contains the same sequence as the mRNA required to
produce viral proteins. |
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Negative-Sense Virus
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The base sequence in the genome are complementary to those in viral mRNAs.
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Ambisence Virus
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Some sections of the genome is positive sense while the other sections are
negative sense. |
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Emerging Disease
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New illness that suddenly affects significant numbers of individuals in a
host population |
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Emerging Virus
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Any of several pathogenic viruses that suddenly afflict significant numbers of
individuals, often due to changes in host species or host population movements. |
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Pneumonia
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Inflammation of the lungs
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Syndrom
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A group of symptoms that occur together and have the same cause
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