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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fission
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Reproduction method used by bacteria, parent cell divides to produce 2 or more identical ospring of about equal size
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Budding
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Reproduction method used by yeast and some multicellular animals. Parent cell develops an enlarged "bud" that grows larger then breaks away from the parent
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Parthenogenesis
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Occurs in worms, insects, fish and lizards. Unfertilized eggs hatch into females
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Gamete
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Sperm cell/egg cell
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External fertilization
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Occurs in aquatic animals, sperm and egg released into water, fertilized eggs hatch into larvae and develop into adults, mortality rate is high
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Internal fertilization
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Occurs in fish, sharks, snakes and most mammals. Copulation required, egg grows in a specialized organ in the mother, fewer offspring with lower mortality rate
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Prokaryote
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Simple cell lacking a membrane bound nucleus, DNA is in circular forms
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Eukaryote
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Simple cell with a membrane bound nucleus and cytoskeleton. DNA is linear
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Cell membrane (animal cells)
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Double layer of phospholipid molecules
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Cilia and Flagella
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2 organelles used for locomotion
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Cytoplasm
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Jelly-like substance, contains organic molecules and organelles
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Cytoskeleton
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Gives structure and organization to cell
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Ribosomes
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Make proteins
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Studded with ribosomes and participates with protein secretion, makes membrane proteins
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Participates in lipid synthesis and intracellular transport and detoxification
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Golgi apparatus
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Flat, membrane bound sacs, they process proteins and package them
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Mitochondria
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Produces ATP
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Lysosomes
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Contains enzymes that digest large molecules and worn-out organelles
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Nucleus
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Controls all cellular activities, surrounded by a double layered nuclear envelope
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Stem cell
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Undifferentiated, cannot perform specialized cell functions
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Somatic cell
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Any cell in the body that is not a gamete
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Diploid
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Cell having 46 chromosomes (somatic) expressed by 2n
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Haploid
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Cell having 23 chromosomes (gamete) expressed by n
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Mitosis
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Process where a diploid somatic cell duplicates its DNA and divides once in order to produce two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
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Homologous
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Word describing the "match" for each chromosome (same size, same shape, same genes, same trait)
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Autosome
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A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (humans have 22)
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Interphase
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The period of time between successful cell divisions, DNA is replicated but remains uncondensed. Chromosomes are held together by a centromere. As long as the chromatids are held together by a centromere, they are considered one unit
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Prophase
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1) Chromatin condenses
2) Nuclear envelope breaks apart |
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Prometaphase
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1) Spindle apparatus appears
2) Chromosomes begin to align on the spindle |
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Autosome
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A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (humans have 22)
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Metaphase
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1) Chromosomes line up with one chromatid
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Interphase
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The period of time between successful cell divisions, DNA is replicated but remains uncondensed. Chromosomes are held together by a centromere. As long as the chromatids are held together by a centromere, they are considered one unit
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Prophase
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1) Chromatin condenses
2) Nuclear envelope breaks apart |
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Prometaphase
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1) Spindle apparatus appears
2) Chromosomes begin to align on the spindle |
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Metaphase
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1) Chromosomes line up with one chromatid
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Anaphase
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1) Chromatids pull apart and become independent chromosomes
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Telophase
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1) Chromosomes spread out
2) Spindle apparatus is disassembled 3) Nuclear envelope forms |
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Cytokinesis
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1) Cytoplasm begins to divide sometime between anaphase and telophase
2) A cleavage furrow forms and the two daughter cells eventually separate |
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Meiosis
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Cell division process of gametes
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Meiosis 1 - Separation of homologous chromosomes
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Reduction division, DNA is duplicated in interphase and the cell divides to reduce the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
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Meiosis 2
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Equatorial division, the chromatids in each haploid cell separate and form four haploid gametes
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Prophase 1
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1) Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
2) Nuclear membrane disintegrates 3) Spindle apparatus is assembled, and spindle fibers attach to centromeres 4) Chromosomes have formed a tetrad - crossing over occurs |
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Metaphase 1
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1) Tetrads line up at the center of the cell
2) Chromosomes that make up homologues line up on opposite sides of the equator |
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Anaphase 1
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1) Tetrads separate and the two chromatids that make up homologues move to opposite poles of the cell
2) Note only one member of homologous pair is located at each pole |
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Telophase 1
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1) Cytoplasm divides and two haploid cells are formed
2) Chromosomes decondense 3) A new nuclear envelope forms 4) Spindle apparatus is disassembled |
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Interkinesis
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Brief resting stage where there is no DNA duplication
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Tetrad
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Two chromosomes, or four chromatids, with one chromosome coming from each parent
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Meiosis 2
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Separation of chromatids
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Haploid number
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The number of chromosomes in a gamete of an organism
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Chromatin
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The material chromosomes are composed of
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Chromatid
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Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
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DNA: Adenine's pair
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DNA: Thymine's pair
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DNA: Cytosine's pair
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DNA: Guanine's pair
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DNA replication steps
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1) Enzymes drive chemical reaction to unwind DNA
2) Enzymes break chemical bonds 3) Complimentary bases match up to a partner 4) Sugars and phosphates come and form a backbone |
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mRNA
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Carries information from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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rRNA
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Helps to hold a ribosome together
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tRNA
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Binds amino acids and carries them to ribosomes to make protein
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Transcription steps
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1) Unwind DNA
2) Associate base pairs with template 3) Join molecules with chemical bonds to form RNA molecule |
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DNA sense strand
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DNA strand sequence that gets translated into proteins from its corresponding codons
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DNA template strand
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The sequence of DNA that is copied during synthesis of mRNA (mRNA compliments this strand)
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RNA: Adenine's pair
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RNA: Uracil's pair
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Start codon
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AUG
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Law of Segregation
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If you're going to make gametes, you must reduce the chromosome number by half
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Law of independant Assortment
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Chromosomes behave independent of one another during cell division, homologous or not
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Steroid process
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1) Produced in endocrine glands and released directly into the blood
2) Pass across the plasma membrane of target cells 3) Move into the nucleus to combine with nuclear receptors 4) Genes get activated |
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Synergistic effect
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Involve 2+ hormones that work together on a target to produce a response that is greater than either of the hormones can produce individually
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Antagonist effect
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Occur when the same target responds one way to one hormone and responds directly opposite to a different hormone
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Negative feedback
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Hormone levels fluctuate around a set point
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Positive feedback
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A hormone is released into the blood, blood levels of the hormone begin to rise and trigger a response from its target, the response increases production and release of the hormone, hormone levels increase and the target becomes more responsive
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