Bio1105 Exam 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of the body

- scientific names composition location and associated structures

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Studies the function of each structure individually and in combination with other structures

Front 3

Levels of structural organization

Back 3

Chemical level

cellular level

tissue level

organ level

system level

Organismal level

Front 4

11 major organ systems that make up the body

Back 4

1. Intergumentary

2. skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Endocrine

5. Cardiovascular

6. Lymphatic

7. Respiratory

8. Digestive

9. urinary

10.Reproductive

11. Nervous

Front 5

Intergumentary system

Back 5

Skin, nails, hair

Front 6

Skeletal system

Back 6

Bones and joints and cartilage

Front 7

Muscular system

Back 7

Refers to skeletal muscle tissue that is usually attached to bones

Front 8

Nervous system

Back 8

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as eyes and ears

Front 9

Endocrine system

Back 9

All glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions called hormones

Front 10

Cardiovascular system

Back 10

Blood, heart and blood vessels

Front 11

What do blood components help defend against

Back 11

Disease and mending damaged blood vessels

Front 12

Lymphatic system and immunities

Back 12

Lymphatic fluid and lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses such as B cells T cells and others

that protect against disease causing microbes

Front 13

Lymlahtic system function

Back 13

to return proteins and fluid to blood carries lipids from Gastrointestinal track to blood

- contains site of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells

Front 14

Function of endocrine system

Back 14

regulate body activity through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

Front 15

Function of Cardiovascular system

Back 15

- heart pumps blood through the blood vessels blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide waste away from cells

- helps regulate acidity temperature and water content of body fluids. - Blood components help defend against diease and mend damaged blood vessels

Front 16

Function of intergummentary system

Back 16

- regulate body temperature pprovide a protective waterproof barrier

- eliminate some waste

- helps make vitamin D

- detect sensations such as touch pressure pain warmth cold

- stores fat and provides insulation

Front 17

Function of a skeletal system

Back 17

- Supports and protects the body - provide a specific area for muscle attachment

- assist with body movements

- stores cells that produce blood cells - stores minerals and fats

Front 18

Function of muscular system

Back 18

participate in body's movements such as walking, Maintaining posture and produces heat

Front 19

Function of nervous system

Back 19

functions to regulate body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Front 20

Respiratory system 5 components

Back 20

Lungs

pharynx

Larynx

trachea

bronchial tubes

Front 21

Function of the respiratory system

Back 21

Transfers oxygen in from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air. Helps regulate acidity of bodily fluids air flowing out of lungs Through vocal cords produces sounds

Front 22

Digestive system

Back 22

Organs of gastrointestinal track including :

mouth, pharanx, aesophagus, stomach small and large intestines rectum anus

Also includes accessory digestive organs that assistant digestive process such as:

salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Front 23

Function of the digestive system

Back 23

Physical and chemical breakdown of food.

Absorbs nutrients.

Eliminates solid wastes.

Front 24

Urinary system

Back 24

Kidneys

Ureters

urinary bladder

Urethra

Front 25

Gonads

Back 25

Testes in male, ovaries in female

Front 26

Reproductive systems

Back 26

Gonads (testes, ovaries) and associated organs :

uterine (fallopian) tubes

uterus

vagina

epididymis

ductus

deferens

penis

Mammoryglands in females

Front 27

Anatomical position

Back 27

Refer to an individual in standard anatomical position :

standing erect

head level

eyes forward

arms at sides

palms facing forward

feet together

Front 28

Supine

Back 28

Palms face forward and radius and ulna are parallel

Front 29

Prone

Back 29

Palms face backwards and radius and ulna are crossed

Front 30

Directional terms

Back 30

-Helps to locate Parts of the body structure

Superior

inferior

anterior

posterior

medial

lateral

proximal

distal

superficial

deep

Front 31

Major body regions

Back 31

Head (cephalic) , neck ( cervical), trunk, upper limb, lower limb

Front 32

Cepahlic region

Back 32

Includes areas of the skull and face

Front 33

Cervical region

Back 33

Includes areas from the neck

Front 34

Trunk

Back 34

chest

abdomen

pelvis

Front 35

Upper limb

Back 35

Attached to trunk:

shoulder

arm pit

arm

forearm

wrist

hand

Front 36

Lower limbs

Back 36

Attach to trunk:

buttocks

thigh

leg

ankle

foot

groin

Front 37

Superior

Back 37

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Front 38

Inferior

Back 38

Away from the head or the lower part of a structure

Front 39

Anterior

Back 39

Nearer to or at the front of the body

Front 40

Post earier

Back 40

Nearer to or at the back of the body

Front 41

Medial

Back 41

Nearer to the midline and imaginary for the coal line that divides the body and to equal right and left sides

Front 42

Lateral

Back 42

Farther from the midline or mid sagittal plane

Front 43

Intermediate

Back 43

Between 2 structures

Front 44

Ipsilateral

Back 44

On the same side of the body as another structure.

Gallbladder and ascednding colon are ipsilateral

Front 45

Contralateral

Back 45

On the opposit side of the body from another structure example the ascending and descending Colons are contralateral

Front 46

Distal

Back 46

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk farther from the point of origin or the beginning

Front 47

Superficial

Back 47

Toward or on the surface of the body

Front 48

Proximal

Back 48

Near to the attachment of a limb to the trunk near to the point of origin or the beginning

Front 49

Deep

Back 49

Away from the surface of the body

Front 50

Plane an 4 types

Back 50

Imaginary flat surfaces that passed through body parts such as :

sagittal

frontal

transverse

oblique

Front 51

Sagittal plane

Back 51

Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.

Front 52

Mid sagittal plane

Back 52

passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides

Front 53

Para sagittal

Back 53

Divides the body or organ into an equal right and left sides

Front 54

Frontal plane

Back 54

Divides the body or organ into anterior front and post terior back positions

Front 55

Transverse plane

Back 55

Divides the body into superior upper and inferior lower portions

Front 56

Oblique plane

Back 56

Passes through the body or Organ and an angle between the transverse plane and sagittal plane or between the transfers plane and the frontal plane

Front 57

Carpel tunnel syndrome

Back 57

Occurs in the wrist

Front 58

Body cavities

Back 58

Spaces in the body that protect support and permit movement of internal organs

Front 59

What are the Two main body cavities called?

Back 59

Dorsal and ventral

Front 60

What does the dorsal body cavity contain

Back 60

Cranial and vertebral cavity

Front 61

Cranial cavity

Back 61

Located in the dorsal body cavity

- formed by the skull and contains the brain

Front 62

Vertebral cavity

Back 62

Part of the dorsal body cavity

- formed by the vertebral column and contains a spinal cord

Front 63

Ventral body cavity

Back 63

Divided by the diaphragm muscle into 2 parts: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Front 64

Thoracic cavity

Back 64

Formed by the ribs, chest muscles, sternum and vertebral column.

- the mediastinem is the central portion of the Thoracic cavity between the lungs it extends from the sternum to the vertebral column 1st rib to the diaphragm.

Front 65

Mediastinum

Back 65

-Central portion of the thoracic cavity

-Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column

-Contains the heart, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels

Front 66

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 66

Part of the ventral body cavity (inderior)

Abdominal cavity: Liver, stomach spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys,ureters and most of the intestines

pelvic cavity: urethra, internal reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

Front 67

9 Regions of the abdominenopelvic cavity

Back 67

Right hypochondriac region

Epigastric region

left hypochondriac region

right lumbar region

umbilical region

left lumbar region

right inguinal region

hypogastric region

left inguinal region

Front 68

Viscera

Back 68

Organs within the ventral cavity

Front 69

What does the Thoracic cavity contain?

Back 69

Lungs

Heart

Mediasteinum

Front 70

Pericardial cavity

Back 70

Oart of the thoracic cavity. Contains the heart

Front 71

Mediasteinum

Back 71

Devides the rhoracic cavity. It seorates the lungs anatomically. Allows lungs to function if one is punctured.

Front 72

Abdominal cavity

Back 72

Liver stomach spleen gallbladder pancreas kidney ureter is and most intestines

Front 73

Purpose for the 9 regions of the abdominal pelvic cavity

Back 73

Used by clinicians describe the location of pain a mass or an abnormality

Front 74

Atom

Back 74

Smallest part of a substance

Consists of protons, neutrons, electrons

Front 75

Nucleus

Back 75

Center of the atom that contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.

Front 76

Why is the neutron positively charged?

Back 76

Because each proton has one positive charge

Front 77

Electrons

Back 77

- Tiny negatively charged particles that move around the yhe large dolce surrounding the nucleus.

- 1/800th the mass of either protons or neutrons

Front 78

Protons

Back 78

Have a positive charge.

Have a Value of +1.

Front 79

Shell model

Back 79

Useful in predicting the chemical properties of an element.

The first electron shell can have two elecrons the second electron shell can have a max of 8 and the third 18 electrons

Front 80

What is the smallest element?

Back 80

Hydrogen

Front 81

Chemical Element

Back 81

Substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means there are a 118 recognized elements

Front 82

Chemical symbol

Back 82

1 or 2 letters of the element's name in English Latin or another language

Front 83

How many elements are present normally in the human body?

Back 83

26

Front 84

What are the four major elements that make up 96% of the body's mass?

Back 84

Oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen

Front 85

Valence electrons

Back 85

Important for forming chemical bonds.

Front 86

Chemical bonds

Back 86

Forces that bind the Atoms of molecules and compounds together resisting their separation

Front 87

Valence shell

Back 87

The number of electrons in the atoms most outer shell. Atoms with 8 electrons in the outermost shell are stable.

Front 88

3 types of Chemical bonds

Back 88

Ionic

covalent

hydrogen

Front 89

Atomic weight

Back 89

Number if protons in the nucleus of an atom which determines the chemical properties of an element

Front 90

What makes up most of the mass of an atom?

Back 90

Nucleus

Front 91

Atomic number

Back 91

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom which determines the chemical properties of an element

Front 92

What does the number of valence electrons in an atoms shell determine?

Back 92

The Atoms particular chemical properties and how it combines with other elements and in what number

Front 93

How does the periodic table arrange elements?

Back 93

They are arranged according to their atomic number and valence electrons

Front 94

Molecules

Back 94

When atoms of elements chemically bond together together they form molecules.

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine

Front 95

Compounds

Back 95

- Molecules with different elements

- is a Substance containing atoms of 2 or more different elements

Front 96

What is an Atom composed of?

Back 96

A nucleus and one or more Electron

Front 97

What Is the valency of an element?

Back 97

Determined by the number of electrons in the atoms outermost shell

Front 98

What determines the chemical properties of an element?

Back 98

Valence electrons

Front 99

How do Atom's bond?

Back 99

Covalent and ionic bonds.

Front 100

Covalent bonds

Back 100

Sharing of electrons between atoms

- A molecule containing a mixture of elements

Front 101

Ionic bonds

Back 101

The transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Front 102

chemical level (body system)

Back 102

Atoms and molecules

Front 103

What does the cellular level include?

Back 103

Cells - the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Front 104

What does the tissue level level include?

Back 104

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

Front 105

What are the four types if tissue?

Back 105

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

Front 106

organ level

Back 106

- Usually a recognizable shape and are composed if two or more types of tissues

- different kinds of tissue join together to gorm body structures.

Front 107

System level

Back 107

A system consists of related organs that have a common function. Organs join together to form systems.

Front 108

Organismal level

Back 108

- largest level of organization

- all of the systems of the bidy combine to make up an organism

Front 109

Polar molecule

Back 109

A chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the the covalently bondem atoms is not even.

Front 110

Organic

Back 110

Always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and always have covalent bonds

Front 111

Inorganic

Back 111

Usually structurally simple and lack carbon

Front 112

Macromolecule

Back 112

- very large molecule often made up of numerous smaller similar molecules

- "building blocks" or "sub units"

- include all categories of organic molecules: DNA,carbohydrates, lipids, proteins nucleic acids

Front 113

What determines the chemical properties of an element?

Back 113

The number of protons in the nucleus

Front 114

What is the most common bond in organic chemistry?

Back 114

Covalent bonds

Front 115

4 qualities of Water molecules

Back 115

- polar

- is a compound

- attract each other and other polar molecules forming weak hydrogen bonds

- Mixes well with other polar or charged molecules (hydrophilic substances)

- does not mix well with non polar molecules (oils/fats- hydrophobic substances)

Front 116

Hydrophobic sustances

Back 116

Hates water- water does not mix well with hydrophobic substances ( fats/oils)

Front 117

Hydrophilic substances

Back 117

water mixes well with other polar or charged molecules (ex. Glucose, ethanol and ionic salts.)

Front 118

Where are ionic bonds found mainly in the body?

Back 118

Teeth and bones where they give great strength to the tissue

Front 119

Hydrogen bonds

Back 119

A Weak bond between 2 molecules resulting from an electrical attraction between a proton in one molecule and electron in another.

-Requires molecules to be polar=unequal sharing of electrons. ex. water

Front 120

Cation

Back 120

Positively charged ions

Front 121

Anions

Back 121

Negatively charged ions

Front 122

The lightest particle of and Atom's main constituents are

Back 122

The Electron Carries a negative charge

Front 123

What is the atomic number of oxygen

Back 123

Eight

Front 124

Is the atomic number of carbon

Back 124

Six

Front 125

What is the atomic number of nitrogen

Back 125

Seven

Front 126

What is the atomic weight of hydrogen

Back 126

One

Front 127

What is the lightest part of the atom

Back 127

Electrons

Front 128

Octet rule

Back 128

Adam's prefer to have 8 electron's in their valence shell

Front 129

Hydrolysis

Back 129

- Allow dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body

Breakdown of large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules

Front 130

Glycogen

Back 130

Stored in the liver

How we store a glucose in the body

Front 131

Dehydration synthesis

Back 131

Process of joining 2 molecules are compounds together following the removal of water

Front 132

Ion

Back 132

Is an atom or molecule with an electric charge positive or negative due to the loss or gain of an electron

Front 133

Salt

Back 133

- An ionic compound .ex. NaCl or KCL - In a solution with water salts disassociate releasing ions for ex.NaCl -- Na+ + Cl-

Front 134

4 primary elements = basis of organic molecules:

Back 134

Carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen

Front 135

What is the minimum requirement to be called an organic molecule?

Back 135

-Must contain carbon

-Must have at least hydrogen as a second element

Methane is the simplest

Front 136

Carbon

Back 136

because of its valency of 4, it can form backbone of all organic macromolecules

Front 137

Oxygen

Back 137

-A gas, makes up 21% of atmosphere

-Highly reactive, forms chemical bonds with most elements

- produced by plants

-

Front 138

What transports oxygen in the blood?

Back 138

the protein hemoglobin

Front 139

ATP

Back 139

Energy in our cells. Requires oxygen.

Front 140

Nitrogen

Back 140

- organic element

- gas (78% of atmosphere)

- essential component of proteins and nucleic acids

- is a waste that is toxic to animals.

- human body convert it to Urea

Front 141

Hydrogen

Back 141

Is a gas

- a component if h2o

- in all organic molecules

- form H+ ions (hydrogen ions) when it loses an electron

Front 142

4 major categories of organic molecules in a living organism

Back 142

- Carbohydrates

- lipids (fats, oils)

- proteins

- nucleic acids

Front 143

Carbohydrates

Back 143

- organic compounds

- include : sugars, cellulose, glycogen, starches

cellulose, glycogen, starches

cellulose, glycogen, starches

- made from elements in a ratio of 1 carbon,2 hydrogen, and 1 oxygen

Front 144

Glucose

Back 144

-Monosacharide (carbohydrate)

-Hydrophillic

- exist as a ring structure

Front 145

Monosaccharide

Back 145

- Glucose, galactose, fructose. (Hexoses- 6 carbons)

- are building blocks of carbohydrates

- Exist as a ring structure

- Because of polar OH groups they are usually hydrophillic

- source of chemical energy to generate ATP

Front 146

Pentoses

Back 146

- Monosaccharide with 5 carbons

Include ribose and deoxyribose

Front 147

Deoxyribose

Back 147

Component of rna

A nucleic acid

A pentose (5 carbons)

Front 148

Ribose

Back 148

A component of RNA

A nucleic acid

A pentose (5 carbons)

Front 149

Nucleic acid

Back 149

Ribosome, deoxyribose

Front 150

Disaccharide

Back 150

Two monosaccharides covalently bonded

Ex. (Monosaccharide) Glucose and fuctose become fructose (disaccharide)

Front 151

Lactose

Back 151

Disaccharide

- made up of monosaccharides glucose + galactise (milk sugar)

Front 152

Maltose

Back 152

- Made up of twi covakently bonded monosaccharide glucose + glucose

Sugar in nalt used for beer

Front 153

Polysaccharides

Back 153

Complex carbohydrares that cobtain Long chains of monosaccharide covalently bonded.

Typically made of glucose

Ex. Glycogen, starch, cellulose

- not typically soluble in water

Front 154

Glycogen

Back 154

A polysaccharide

- stored in the liver and skeketal muscles

- can be broken down into glucose to provide energy when energy deanabds are high

Front 155

Starches

Back 155

Polysaccharide

Made up of glucose elements

Made mostly by plants

We digest starches to glucose as an energy source

Front 156

Cellulose

Back 156

Polysaccharide

Found in plants - indigestible, provide bulk

Front 157

Name 3 hexose monosaccharides

Back 157

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 158

Name 2 pentose monosaccharides

Back 158

Ribose, deoxyribose

Front 159

Name 3 Disaccharide and state which monosaccharide makes up each

Back 159

Maltose = Glucose+glucose

Lactose = Glucose + galactose

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

Front 160

Name 3 polysaccharides

Back 160

Glycogen - made of glucose found in liver and skeletsl bones

Starches - made of glucose found in plants used in digestion

Cellulose made of plant cell walls helps eliminate waste in large intestinr

Front 161

3 major groups of carbohydrates

Back 161

Monosaccharide

disaccharide

polysaccharides

Front 162

Three key cell structures:

Back 162

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Front 163

4 Plasma membrane functions

Back 163

1. Physical barrier

2. Permeability layer

3.communicates between cells

4.provides a place for attachment

Front 164

What are the 3 components of the cell membrane?

Back 164

Lipid bilateral

Membrabe proteins

Glycocalyx

Front 165

Lipid bilayer

Back 165

- makes up 45-50% of the membrane

- made of phopholipids with a hydrphilic head and hydrophobic tail

- contains cholesterol which makes the membrane more flexible

Front 166

Membrane proteins

Back 166

- Make up half of the cell membrane

- two categories:

a)integral

b)peripheral

Front 167

Phospholipid

Back 167

Molecue . Have a polar hydrophilic head non polar hydrophobic tail

Front 168

Two categories of Membrane proteins

Back 168

Make up half if the cell structure

- Integral

- Peripheral

Front 169

Function if membrane proteins

Back 169

- strengthen the membrane

- Transport proteins

- provide anchor poinys

Front 170

Glycocalyx purpose

Back 170

- Described as a sugary coating

- Important in identifying your own cells by the immune system

- made of carbohydrates

carbohydrates

Front 171

What two types of carbohydrates is the glycocayx made up of?

Back 171

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

Front 172

What molecules make up the plasma membrane and what are their functions?

Back 172

Phospholipids (, carbohydrates (makes membrane flexible) and glycolipds.

Front 173

3 cell structures

Back 173

1. Plasma2. Nucleus3. Cytoplasm

Front 174

Describe a cell membrane:

Back 174

1. Is a physical barrier2. Is a permeable barrier3. Allows communication between cells4. Provides a place for attachment to anchor it to other cells or proteins.

Front 175

Components of a cell membrane

Back 175

Lipid layerMembrane proteinsGlycocalyx