Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When comparing 2 atoms:
Atom #1 has 13 protons and a mass of 26. Atom #2 has 13 protons and a mass of 27. From this you conclude: |
The atoms are isotopes of the same element.
|
|
|
Chemical Reactivity is best predicted by what?
|
The filling of outer energy shells.
|
|
|
Carbon (4 electrons in outer shell) Nitrogen (3 electrons in outer shell) (CN) compounds are common in biochemistry and bonded through what?
|
Polar Covalent bonds with nitrogen having a partial negative charge.
|
|
|
When adding another acid (EX. HCL) to weak acid solution, you expect the weak acid to...
|
Accept more protons, keeping the pH relatively unchanged.
|
|
|
The properties of water include:
|
Cohesion and high specific heat, and are due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules.
|
|
|
The 4 major classes of Macromolecules are:
|
Assembled because equilibrium favors synthesis.
|
|
|
Glucose is used to make what molecules?
|
Sucrose
Maltose Lactose |
|
|
Examination of a short polypeptide reveals that all of the monomers contain a carbon ring or methyl (-CH3) R groups.
Therefore, the polypeptide is: |
Hydrophobic
|
|
|
The sequence of amino acids in a protein includes all possible amino acids but the protein is made of a single polypeptide.
With this information, how would you characterize this protein? |
High primary structural diversity and lacking quanternary structural diversity.
|
|
|
A neuleic acid polymer that is not in the nucleus is most likely:
|
RNA
|
|
|
What is a characteristic that all lipids share, at least in part?
|
Nonpolarity
|
|
|
You are presented with an unknown vegetable oil at room temperature and asked to characterize it in a lab.
Without experimentation, you already know that: |
It is unsaturated and contains some carbon-carbon double bonds.
|
|
|
What best describes the dominant property of a pure phospholipid membrane?
|
Hydrophobic
|
|
|
What information can you gain by comparing the surface area of a monolayer of phospholipids with the surface area of the cells from which those phosopholipids came?
|
How many layers of the phospholipids the membrane has.
|
|
|
Which of the following molecules would most easily be able to pass through a pure phospholipid membrane?
|
O2 (Gaseous Oxygen)
|
|
|
A medical doctor reports having patients with "leaky" blood vessels, where fluid is able to escape by passing between cells of the blood vessels.
In consultation with BIO110 students, the good doctor learns that this is probably due to a problem with what? |
Tight Junctions
|
|
|
After a cold night, a single-celled paramecium living in a cattle pond moves to a warm, sunny spot to feed in.
In response to this movement, the paramecium will most efficently adjust its cell membranes by: |
Including longer and more saturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipids.
|
|
|
The kinetics of transport diffusion indicate that even though you keep increasing the concentration of an ion, the rate of movement is constant, and does not increase.
You conclude that the ion is moving into the cell by: |
A Carrier Protein
|
|
|
A membrane protein transports calcium ions into a cell only when there is a high concentration of those ions outside of the cell. That same protein causes sodium ions to accumulate to a high concentration outside of the cell, being transported from the inside.
These ions are being moved by: |
Coupled Transport using an Antiporter
|
|
|
Active Transport of molecules across a cell membrane requires:
|
ATP or Coupled transport for energy
|
|
|
Placing a cell in a hypotonic solution will cause water to:
|
Move into the cell by osmosis
|
|
|
When large amounts of cholesterol are needed by a cell, the likely mechanism of transport will be:
|
Endocytosis
|
|
|
A certain cell's function is to synthesize and secrete a protein.
In direct connection with its function, that cell will likely have: |
An Extensive Rough ER
|
|
|
What is a universal organelle?
|
Ribosomes
|
|
|
Which of the following organelles are involved in the manufacturing and trafficking of a protein destined to be exported from the cell?
|
Rough ER, Transport Vesicle, Golgi, Secretory Vesicle
|
|
|
Mitochondria, Chlorplasts, and the nucleus all have what in common?
|
A double bilayer membrane
|
|
|
A protein that needs modification prior to proper functioning will undergo those modifications in the:
|
Rough ER and Golgi
|
|
|
Despite the fact that eukaryotic cells share many features, what is only found in plant cells, not animal cells:
|
Chloroplasts
Plastids Cell Wall |
|
|
A cell that is lacking the ability to synthesize cholestrol and membrane lipids probably has a problem with its:
|
Smooth ER
|
|
|
Intermediate filaments are characterized as:
|
Branched, stable fibers that provide structure to the cell
|
|
|
Cells in a localized area are able to rapidly respond to growth factor signaling molecules becuase of:
|
The extra cellular matrix
|
|
|
In an energetically closed system at a constant temperature, the reversible reaction, xy<-->zw occurs.
If the G (free energy) = 12 in xy and G=6 in zw, then: |
xy-->zw will occur spontaneously
|
|
|
If the results of an experiment indicate that before adding an enzyme, the ΔG of a reaction is 4.6, but after adding an enzyme the ΔG = -2.1, then:
|
The data are falsified; no such change can take place with an enzyme
|
|
|
The molecule and reaction most often coupled to endergonic reaction is:
|
ATP-->ADP+Pi
|
|
|
Arranging electron carriers according to increasing affinity for electrons:
|
Creates an electron transport chain
|
|
|
During photosynthesis. O2 is produced from the:
|
Oxidation of H2O
|
|
|
In photosynthesis, ATP is directly produced via
|
Chemiosmosis
|
|
|
If a plant cell lacks the energy to synthesize ATP during photosynthesis, what is most likely the direct cause of this problem?
|
The B6f Complex
|
|
|
During the light reactions, electrons flow from
|
Water to NADPH
|
|
|
Where do the reactions of the Calvin Cycle take place?
|
Stroma
|
|
|
Where do the reactions of the Calvin Cycle take place?
|
Thylakoid membrane
|
|
|
If the Calvin Cycle stops becuase there are no electrons to drive the reduction of carbons, what is most likely the cause?
|
Photosystem I is not functioning properly
|
|
|
If the Calvin Cycle proceeds normally until failure of the carbon reduction reactions, but there are electrons to drive that reaction, what is most likely the cause?
|
Insuffecient sources of inorganic carbon
|
|
|
How many times have the reactions of the Calvin Cycle been completed if we have been produced twelve G3P molecules?
|
Six
|
|
|
What is the main functionof chlorphyll molecules in photosynthesis?
|
Absorb and transfer light energy
|
|
|
What is the source of energy for the active transport of protons in the light reactions?
|
The flow of electrons along an electron transport chain
|
|
|
What is the main organelle involved in photosynthesis?
|
Chloroplasts
|
|
|
What is the direct product of the Calvin Cycle?
|
G3P
|
|
|
What is the general relationship between the energy and metabolic reactions?
|
Anabolic reactions build & are endergoinc; Catabolic reactions break down & are exergonic
|
|
|
what 3 processes are included in cellular respiration?
|
Oxidation of pyruvate
Krebs Cycle Chemiosmosis |
|
|
What is the main difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
|
Substrate Level uses organic phosphate
Oxidative Level uses inorganic phosphate |
|
|
What is the mechanism and process responsible for ATP produced in the cytoplasm?
|
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation/Oxidation of Pyruvate
|
|
|
What is the end product of glycolysis?
|
Pyruvate
|
|
|
What is the net eneergy yield of glycolsis?
|
2 ATP and 2 NADH
|
|
|
What is the difference between the fermentation of ethanol and fermentation of lactate (lactic acid)?
|
The removal of CO2
|
|
|
Fermentation and cellular respiration accomplish what important task that enables continual glycolysis?
|
Oxidation of NADH
|
|
|
What process does not unclude a redox reaction?
|
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
|
|
|
What step in the oxidation of glucose is directly responsible for the majority of ATP production?
|
Chemiosmosis
|
|
|
The process of providing energy through the facilitated diffusion of protons to drive the endergonic synthesis of ATP is named:
|
Chemiosmosis
|
|
|
If the mitochondrial emebrane were not intact, what process would be most adversely affected?
|
Chemiosmosis
|
|
|
Which molecule donates electrons to the second member of the electron transport chain of the mitochondria?
|
FADH2
|
|
|
Electron transport chain members in the mitochondria pumps protons into the:
|
Intermembrane Space
|
|
|
If an animal cell lacks oxygen, what is the first process likely to be adversely affected?
|
The Electron Transport Chain
|
|
|
During which two stages of the oxidation of glucose is CO2 produced?
|
Krebs Cycle
Oxidation of a Pyruvate |
|
|
Where does an organism that is at the first trophic level get its energy?
|
The Sun
|
|
|
Hetertrophs are dependent on autotrophs for what two important products?
|
Energy and Organic Matter
|
|
|
Detritovores, such as decomposing bacteria, obtain matter and energy from which trophic levels?
|
All trophic levels
|
|
|
What is the main source and the chemical forms of bioavailable nitrogen?
|
Nitrogen Recycling; NH3 & NO3
|
|
|
Why is the sun so important to all living organisms?
|
Without it, we have no energy input in biology and entropy would dominate, creating disorder
|
|
|
What is an easy way to disrupt the water cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and why?
|
Remove Trees - They provide transpiration, which brings about precipitation
|
|
|
What may be the likely result to damage to any one part of an ecosystem?
|
the ability to preform life-sustaining services will be decreased becuase the interconnectedness of the ecosystem will be diminished
|
|
|
The only population of a species is decimated by disease, leaving a small number of individuals.
What can we safely assume is a major force affecting allele frequences in this population? |
Genetic Drift
|
|
|
In a diploid population of 100 individuals, 20 copies of allele A are present. what is the frequency of allele A?
|
10%
|
|
|
What limits the number of trophic livels in an ecosystem?
|
The large amount of energy lost at each trophic level
|
|
|
An individual believes that a forest of fir trees has a certain dollar value because that is how much the lumber for those trees is worth.
Is this an accurate calue of the forest? |
No, the true value of the ecosystem must account for all services and products provided by that ecosystem, not just those that can be sold at market
|
|
|
What is one reason why genotype and phenotype might not perfectly correspond?
|
Allelic Dominance
|
|
|
Which of the following factors does not contribute to carrying capacity?
|
Allelic Dominance
|
|
|
What is the process whereby a bacterium acquires anitbiotic resistance by obtaining DNA from another bacterium that is already resistant?
|
Conjugation
|
|
|
How many genotypes are possible in diploid organism for a gene with 2 alleles?
|
3
|
|
|
Which evolutionary phenomenon is most closely tied to fitness?
|
Reproduction
|
|
|
Which of the following ideas associated with evolution has not been observed in nature?
|
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
|
|
|
Which 2 branches of science are unified in the modern synthesis?
|
Genetics
Evolution |
|
|
Exponential growth rates are influenced by?
|
rN
|
|
|
If in a natural population where the animals have a variety of coat colors, those with the darkest coat color and the lighest coat color are the most reproductively successful, what type of selection is occuring?
|
Disruptive Selection
|
|
|
Two organisms occur in the same area but occupy different habitats and so rarely encounter one another.
This is an example of what type of reproductive isolating mechanism? |
Ecological Isolation
|
|
|
The colonization of a remote area by a few individuals and the subsequent speciation between the colonists and the source population is an example of what type of speciation?
|
Allopatric
|
|
|
A gene with only a single allele cannot evolve by natural selection becuase:
|
No variation exists
|
|
|
How can someone who knows nothing about evolution regect the idea of it?
|
Because probablities can't be applied to events that have already occured
|
|
|
Two individuals considered difference species according to the biological species concept when what condidtions are met?
|
They have established reprodutive isolation
|
|
|
Attacking evolution becuase it imposes on religious beliefs is unfounded becuase:
|
Religious beliefs of supernatural phenomena are immune from attacks by science becuase science is restricted to the natural world
|
|
|
Scientific theories remain theories becuase they can never be proven true in all cases.
This is becuase science often proceeds by what type of reasoning? |
Induction
|
|
|
Plants commonly achieve speciation through what type of reproductive isolation that is rare in animals?
|
Polyploidy
|
|
|
What is the science of recovering the ancestor-descendant relationships among species?
|
Systemantics
|
|
|
Sharp declines in biodiversity are due to what?
|
Extinction
|
