Bio101 Final

Front 1

The energy of the sun derived primarily from the fusion of __________ atoms

Back 1

Hydrogen

Front 2

The growth of plants relies primarily on ____________.

Back 2

Carbon dioxide in the air and water in the soil

Front 3

Food energy is determined by the use of a ______________

Back 3

Calorimeter

Front 4

The average daily energy requirement of a 19-year-old female is ________ Calorie

Back 4

2000

Front 5

Energy is released when _____________.

Back 5

Hydrogen and oxygen is combined to form water

Front 6

Oxidative phosphorylation of converting ADP to ATP by the addition of a phosphate can only occur in the presence of ___________.

Back 6

oxygen

Front 7

electron transport chain is the primary cellular site in the production of __________.

Back 7

ATP

Front 8

photosynthesis ______________ is the energy source to split water into hydrogen and oxygen

Back 8

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun

Front 9

both photosynthesis and respiration, the _______________ is used in the synthesis of APT

Back 9

Electron Transport Chain

Front 10

, the third planet from the sun orbits at an average distance of ______ miles from the sun

Back 10

94 million

Front 11

The core of the Earth is made up of ________

Back 11

Iron

Front 12

Earth’s atmosphere consists of ______% oxygen

Back 12

21

Front 13

The ocean water accounts for ____% of the hydrosphere

Back 13

97

Front 14

The catastrophism theory suggests that the Earth’s geological features were formed by __________________.

Back 14

Earthquake
Volcanism
Asteroid impact
Plate tetonics

Front 15

Using ______ fossils, it is possible to match the relative age of rock layers in different parts of the world

Back 15

index fossils

Front 16

A Mars size planet known as Theia collided with the Earth and affected ________ of the Earth in forming Earth’s seasons

Back 16

the axis of rotation

Front 17

The oxygen in the early Earth’s atmosphere was produced by ____________.

Back 17

Cyanobacteria

Front 18

Cells construct cell membrane utilizing predominately _________________.

Back 18

lipid

Front 19

The Miller-Urey experiment was able to create organic molecule from __________.

Back 19

H2
CH4 (Methane)
NH3 (Ammonia)
H2O

Front 20

The explosive death of a large star is known as a _______________.

Back 20

Supernova

Front 21

The Big Bang theory suggests that the university began in a form known as ________

Back 21

Gravitational Singularity

Front 22

__________ forms the backbone of complex biological molecules

Back 22

Carbon

Front 23

______, a moon of Jupiter, is hypothesized to have a liquid ocean capable of supporting life under its thick ice caps.

Back 23

Europa

Front 24

The equation formulated in the 1960’s to estimate the possible number of intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy is called the _______ equation.

Back 24

Drake

Front 25

The microorganisms present obtain their carbon source from carbonaceous materials present in the rock and they rely on ________ that seeps from the Earth’s crust for energy

Back 25

Methane Gas

Front 26

Explain the concept of energy transformation and provide two examples of how one form of energy is transformed to a different form. Explain how these are examples of the Law of Conservation of Energy?

Back 26

Energy can exist in different forms, such as thermal energy, electrical energy, chemical energy. The various forms of energy are interconvertible from one form to the others. Examples of energy transformation are:
• Battery: conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy
• Hydroelectric dam: conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy
• Firework: conversation of chemical energy to electromagnetic energy
• Food: conversion of chemical energy to “biological” energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. However, energy can be converted from one form of energy to another form. Understanding of this law provides an appreciation of how living organisms obtain their energy from the physical world.

Front 27

is one of the most important of biological processes on Earth. Explain the process of photosynthesis in words, describing the components which plants take in and which are produced.

Back 27

Plants take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil and use sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is then used to join with carbon dioxide in the air to form carbohydrates, with byproducts of water and oxygen.

Front 28

Compare the process between cellular respiration and photosynthesis in the production of ATP?

Back 28

Respiration and photosynthesis can be thought of as interrelated chemical processes. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are used to produce energy (carbohydrates) and oxygen. Respiration requires carbohydrates and oxygen to produce energy (stored as ATP) with the byproduct of carbon dioxide.

Front 29

Explain the process of energy transformation in living system using muscle contraction as an example

Back 29

In living system, energy can be transformed from chemical energy to mechanical energy. In muscle cells, energy is stored in the form of ATP. During muscle contraction, ATP is converted by enzyme to ADP, inorganic phosphate, and energy. The energy is transferred to the muscle proteins (myosin), leading to a conformational change of the muscle proteins that cause the contraction of the muscle fiber. This is an example of how chemical energy in the form of ATP results in the physical change in the muscle fibers.

Front 30

What is the hydrosphere and what is its composition

Back 30

The hydrosphere is all of the water present on Earth. 97.25% of the Earth’s water is in the oceans, 2.05% is captured in glaciers and the polar ice caps. Finally, only 0.7% of the Earth’s water is found in the ground or in the atmosphere, in the form of fresh water.

Front 31

Explain the evidence for global warming seen in the climate changes involving the Saharan dust storms and the North Atlantic Oscillation and how the implications of these changes are worldwide.

Back 31

Because of extreme drought in Africa, lakes such as Lake Chad have begun to shrink and provide extra sand and dust to be blown into the atmosphere as a result of dust storms that are continuously increasing in intensity. As a result of global warming, the North Atlantic Oscillation, which is the air current that can carry dust and airborne particulate matter to the Americas across the Atlantic ocean from Africa, has become more regular and more intense. Because of this, more and more dust and other debris are reaching the Americas from Africa. This is causing problems in the Caribbean because the spores of a fungus, known as Aspergillus, have been carried there from Africa. These spores are not only damaging coral reefs in the area but also causing a marked increase in the occurrence of asthma in children, demonstrating the far reaching and unexpected negative effects of global warming.

Front 32

Explain the current scientific evidence available on the age of the earth

Back 32

Using radiometric dating, the principle of radiometric dating is based on the spontaneous decay of radioactive isotopes. The age of the earth has been determined by examining the oldest rocks on Earth. Using the oldest zircon crystals, which contain radioactive uranium, it has been able to determine the age of the crust to be 4.4 billion years old. Therefore, the earth must be formed before 4.4 billion years ago. Also by dating meteorites that are created at the time of the formation of the solar system, it is possible to provide the age of the Earth. Dating various meteorites found on earth, a consensus date of 4.57 billion years has obtained, suggesting that the Earth’s age is about 4.57 billion years.

Front 33

Describe where the oxygen came from in our atmosphere and give 2 pieces of evidence for this process.

Back 33

By producing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, early bacteria caused a buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere, which allowed for the evolution of complex plants and animals. The modern day equivalents of these ancient life forms are the blue-green bacteria or cynanobacteria.

The photosynthetic microorganisms coated the surface of rocks in shallow bays, and they secreted a layer of sticky substance to use as protection against ultraviolet radiation. When sediments infiltrated into the layer, the microorganisms migrated to the surface. As this process occurred over hundreds of years, rock-like structures, known as stromatolites, were formed. These stomatolites can be found as fossils, suggesting they were responsible for the oxygenation of the atmosphere.

Front 34

Explain the formation of elements on the periodic table.

Back 34

All elements on the Periodic Table are formed by nuclear fusion, with the exception of hydrogen, which was formed shortly after the Big Bang. The hydrogen atoms condense to form a star, and when the gravitational pull reaches a certain degree, the hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium. As the hydrogen fuel started to deplete in the star, helium will fuse to form other elements, including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. However, the creation of elements ceases at iron. To form heavier elements, a Supernova explosion causes the fusion of iron to form the heavier elements on the Periodic Table.

Front 35

Discuss four examples from Chapter 27 of how life can thrive in extreme and inhospitable conditions on Earth. For each, briefly describe the conditions found there and types of organisms present. What do these environments tell us about the possibility of life on other planets?

Back 35

1. Cueva De Villa Luiz, 2. Lake Vostok, 3. South African mine, 4. Cold Seep

1. The bacteria use the hydrogen sulfide gas as a source of energy, and sulfuric acid is produced as a by-product, making the cave environment inhospitable for other organisms. These bacteria form mucous colonies, known as snottities, hanging from the ceiling and walls of the caves.
2. These lakes are warmed by the geothermal heat produced in Earth’s mantle. Evidence of life is abundant and is rich in simple life forms. Because the glaciers above the lake were formed millions of years ago, the lake water could be as old as one million years.
3. The microorganisms present obtain their carbon source from carbonaceous materials present in the rock and they rely on methane gas that seeps from the Earth’s crust for energy.
4. This entire ecosystem of clams, tubeworms, shrimps, and other organisms is supported by bacteria that obtain energy from methane gas that seeps from the Earth’s crust. The bacteria form symbiotic relationships with clams and tubeworms. Together, they develop an extensive food web of predators and preys.

These four examples demonstrate that environmental conditions that are hostile to us (ph, pressure, temperature, energy) can still support life, as long as the basic requirements of energy, carbon source, and water are fulfilled. Based on these examples, there are many places in the solar system that might be able to support life.