Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Formed elements |
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets |
|
|
Composition of blood |
Formed elements Plasma |
|
|
Composition of plasma |
91.5% water 7% plasma proteins 1.5% carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, and hormones |
|
|
Plasma proteins |
1. Albumin 2. Antibodies (gamma globulins) 3. Alpha and beta globulins 4. Fibrogen |
|
|
Albumin |
Helps to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood |
|
|
Antibodies |
Aka gamma globulin Dissolved plasma proteins that function in the body's defense against disease |
|
|
Alpha/ beta globulins |
Involved in the transport of lipids |
|
|
Fibrinogen |
Involved in blood coagulation |
|
|
Function of erythrocytes |
Transport oxygen and CO2 |
|
|
Composition of Hemoglobin |
A heme and a globin portion |
|
|
The heme portion of hemoglobin contains ___ Fe atoms |
1 |
|
|
How much oxygen can one hemoglobin molecule transport? |
4 oxygen molecules |
|
|
Oxyhemoglobin |
Hemoglobin + O2 |
|
|
Carbaminohemoglobin |
CO2 + hemoglobin |
|
|
Carbon dioxide combines with which portion of the hemoglobin molecule? |
Globin |
|
|
How do erythrocytes pass through capillaries without being damaged? |
The shape of the red blood cell and the fact that it does not have a nucleus allows it to be deformed easily |
|
|
What allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to move in and out of erythrocytes efficiently? |
The thin centers allow for a large surface area |
|
|
Diffusion |
The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of a RBC |
|
|
Macrophages |
Large monocytes that engulf damaged and dying red blood cells |
|
|
What happens when a rbc is damaged? |
The cell releases hemoglobin, which is broken down into: 1. Fe 2. Bilirubin 3. Amino Acids |
|
|
When iron is the product of hemoglobin breakdown, how is it used? |
It is reused to make more hemoglobin |
|
|
Bilirubin |
A pigment released during hemoglobin breakdown that is incorporated into the bile of the liver |
|
|
Erythropoiesis |
Red blood cell formation |
|
|
How is erythropoiesis regulated? |
By the blood oxygen levels and a negative feedback mechanism |
|
|
Hemocytoblasts |
Stem cells found in red bone marrow which are the precursors to RBC, WBC, and platelets |
|
|
How many RBC can move through a capillary at one time? Why? |
1 cell at a time This is due to the diameter of the capillary |
|
|
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte? |
90-120 days |
|
|
Types of Leukocytes |
1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes |
|
|
Granulocytes |
Leukocytes that have large granules in their cytoplasm |
|
|
Types of granulocytes |
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils |
|
|
Agranulocytes |
Leukocytes that lack cytoplasmic granules |
|
|
Types of agranulocytes |
Lymphocytes Monocytes |
|
|
Leukopenia |
Decrease in the normal number of WBC |
|
|
Leukocytosis |
Increase in the normal number of WBCs |
|
|
Hemostasis |
The stoppage of bleeding |
|
|
Hemostasis in an injured blood vessel involves what process? |
1. Blood vessel spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation |
|
|
Blood vessel spam |
When a blood vessel is injured, smooth muscles in the vessel wall are stimulated to contract |
|
|
Platelet plug formation |
Platelets stick to the broken end of the blood vessel, eventually sticking to each other to form a plug over the broken end |
|
|
Blood coagulation |
The series of events that leads to the formation of a blood clot |
|
|
Composition of blood |
55% plasma 45% formed elements |
|
|
Composition of plasma |
91.5% H2O 7% Proteins 1.5% Dissolved Solutes |
|
|
Types of proteins found in plasma |
1. Albumin 2. Globulin 3. Fibrinogen |
|
|
Types of dissolved solutes found in plasma |
1. Electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+) 2. Fatty acids 3. Glucose 4. Waste products |
|
|
Types of waste products found in plasma |
Urea Bilirubin |
|
|
Albumin |
Helps to regulate osmotic pressure |
|
|
Globulin |
Involved in transport of materials Some are antibodies |
|
|
Fibrinogen |
Involved in blood clotting |
|
|
Platelets |
Cell fragments Involved in blood clotting |
|
|
What is picked up by erythrocytes? |
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide (this prevents the cell from picking up other elements) |
|
|
Which formed elements has a nucleus? |
Leukocytes |
|
|
Granulocytes |
WBC with dark staining granules in their cytoplasm |
|
|
Polymorphonuclear |
Multi segmented nucleus |
|
|
Neutrophil |
Polymorphonuclear Phagocytic |
|
|
Phagocytic |
Specialize in attacking and engulfing bacteria |
|
|
Eosinophils |
Bi-lobed nucleus Attack antibody labeled materials Phagocytes |
|
|
Basophil |
Rarest of all WBC Release histamine |
|
|
Histamine |
Promotes inflammation |
|
|
Agranulocytes |
Do not have granules within the cytoplasm |
|
|
Lymphocytes |
Produce antibodies |
|
|
Monocytes |
Largest WBC |
|
|
Macrophages |
Large monocytes that perform phagocytosis Engulf pathogens and cellular debri |
|
|
What is the function of blood? |
Transportation Immunity Regulates body temperature Clotting Regulates pH |
|
|
What does the blood transport? |
Gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones |
|
|
What gives blood its bright red color? |
Oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
What gives blood its dark red color |
Carbaminohemoglobin |
|
|
Buffers |
Compounds that prevent major shifts in pH |
|
|
How does blood regulate body temperature? |
It absorbs and distributes heat to body tissues |
|
|
Where does erythropoiesis take place? |
Red bone marrow and spleen |
|
|
Describe the process of erythropoiesis |
Low oxygen in tissues Message to brain Message to kidneys Erythropoietin Activates stem cells Increase in reticulocytes Increase in red blood cells Increase in oxygen in tissues |
|
|
Reticulocytes |
Precursor to red blood cells |
|
|
Erythropoietin |
A hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in red bone marrow |
|
|
Hemopoeisis |
Blood cell and platelet formation Occurs predominantly in red bone marrow |
|
|
Hemocytoblasts |
Precursor cells |
|
|
Thrombus |
An attached clot |
|
|
Embolus |
A thrombus that breaks loose and floats through circulation |
|
|
What kind of blood clots can cause death? How? |
Thrombi and emboli can both cause death By blocking beyond that supply blood to an essential organ |
|
|
How does warfarin prevent clot formation? How does it compare to heparin? |
It suppresses the liver's production of vitamin K dependent clotting factors Heparin is a more fast acting anticoagulant |
|
|
Pericarditis |
Inflammation of the serous pericardium |
|
|
Cause of pericarditis? |
Frequently unknown Can result from infection, diseases of connective tissue or damage due to radiation treatment for cancer |
|
|
Symptoms of pericarditis |
Pain in back and chest Can be confused with myocardial infarction Can lead to a small amount of fluid accumulation within the pericardial sac |
|
|
Cardiac tamponade |
A potentially fatal condition in which fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside |
|
|
How does someone die from cardiac tamponade? |
The pressure from the outside of the heart prevents it from expanding and filling with blood during relaxation, rendering it unable to pump. |
|
|
Causes of cardiac tamponade? |
- Rupturing of the heart wall following a myocardial infarction - Rupturing of a blood vessel in the pericardium after a malignant tumor invades the area - Damage to the pericardium due to radiation therapy - Trauma |
|
|
Heart attack |
Myocardial infarction When a coronary thrombus blocks a coronary blood vessel |
|
|
The region of dead heart tissue that occurs during a heart attack |
Infarct |
|
|
Why is aspirin useful for those who are at risk for (or are experiencing clear signs of) a heart attack? |
It prevents thrombus formation |
|
|
Other than aspirin, what can be given to treat a heart attack? |
Enzymes that break down blood clots, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) |
|
|
Angioplasty |
A procedure in which a surgeon threads a small balloon through the aorta and into a coronary artery After entering a partially blocked coronary artery, the balloon is inflated, flattening the artherosclerosis deposits against the vessel wall and opening the blocked blood vessel |
|
|
Why is there controversy surrounding angioplasties? |
1. Dilation of the coronary arteries can be reversed within a few weeks or months 2. Blood clots can form in coronary arteries after angioplasty |
|
|
Stent |
A small coil device that is placed in a vessel to hold it open following angioplasty |
|
|
What effect does ventricular fibrillation have on cardiac output? |
Reduces it to a few mL per minute |
|
|
What cells might a hemocytoblast become? |
1. Myeloid stem cell 2. Lympoid cell |
|
|
What might a myeloid cell become? |
1. Megakaryoctes 2. Reticulocyte 3. Monoblast 4. Granulocytes |
|
|
What might lymphoid stem cells become? |
Lymphocytes |
|
|
What do megakaryoctes become? |
They break apart and become platelets |
|
|
What do Reticulocytes become? |
Erythrocytes |
|
|
What do monoblasts become? |
Monocytes |
|
|
The process of hemostasis |
1. Blood vessel spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation |
|
|
Heme |
Fe containing part of the hemoglobin molecule |
|
|
Globin |
Protein portion of hemoglobin |
|
|
Hemoglobin recycling |
Heme: - releases Fe, which is brought to the red bone marrow - also converted to Bilirubin, which is sent to the liver for bile (excessive bilirubin is excreted in urine and feces) Globin; - converted into amino acid, which is transported to red bone marrow for erythropoiesis Amino acids from globin and Fe from Heme are used to produce more hemoglobin |
