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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Theory
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1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3. All cells arise from existing cells |
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Cell Membrane
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outer boundry of the cell, encloses the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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Cytoplasm
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Semi-permeable interior of the cell, liquid portion of a cell, contains RNA and ribosomes
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Cytoskeleton
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system of microscopic fibers in the cytoplasm of the cell.
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Ribosome
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Cellular structures located in the cytoplasm on which proteins are made
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Prokaryote
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Single-celled organism lacking a nucleus
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Cell Wall
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semi-permeable membrane, found in plants and fungi, made of cellulose, provides support
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Flagellum
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long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell’s surface and enable movement, move substances across a cell’s surface
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Eukaryote
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organism whose cells have a nucleus
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Nucleus
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center of cell, organelle containing chromosomes and controls function of the cell
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Organelle
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structure that carries out specific activities in a cell,
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Cilium
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short hair-like structures protruding from the surface of some eukaryotic cells, propel cells through their environment and move substances across a cell’s surface
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Phospholipids
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a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids, has a polar “head” and two nonpolar “tails”
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Lipid Bilayer
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arrangement of phospholipids in a double layer, allows lips and substances that dissolve in lips to pass through cell
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell, made of a lipid bilayer
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Vesicle
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small membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells
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Golgi apparatus
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organelle in the cell that processes, packages, and secretes proteins
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Lysosome
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small, spherical organelles that contain cell’s digestive enzymes
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Mitochondrion
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an organelle that harvests energy from organic compounds to make ATP
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Chloroplast
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organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, found in plants and algae, supply much of the energy needed to power activities of cells.
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Central vacuole
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large, membrane-bound space within a cell that stores water or other substances
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Passive Transport
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movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell
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Concentration gradient
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a difference in the concentration of a substance across a space
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Equilibrium
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condition in which concentration of a substance is equal through out a space
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Diffusion:
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movement of a concentration caused by the random motion of particles of the substance
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Osmosis:
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diffusion of water though a selectively permeable membrane
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Hypertonic solution:
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solution in which the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than concentration inside the cell→ cell shrinks
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Hypotonic solution
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solution in which fluid outside cell has a lower concentration than fluid inside cell→ cell swells
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Isotonic solution:
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a solution that produces no change in cell volume because of osmosis
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Ion channel
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transport protein with a polar pore through which ions can pass
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Carrier protein:
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kind of transport protein that can bind to a specific substance on one side of the cell membrane, carry the substance across the cell membrane and release it on the other side.
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Facilitated diffusion:
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type of passive transport that moves substance down their concentration gradient without using energy
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Active transport:
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transport of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient, requires energy
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Sodium-potassium pump:
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carrier protein that transports three sodium ions, out of a cell and two potassium ions into the cell. The energy needed to power sodium-potassium pumps is provided by ATP
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ATP:
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energy containing molecule, energy currently of a cell, produced in the mitochondria
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Endocytosis:
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movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
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Exocytosis:
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movement of a substance out of a cell by a vesicle
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Receptor protein:
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protein that binds to specific signal molecules, enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule.
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Photosynthesis:
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Process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy. 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy → C6H12O6 + 602. Occurs in the chloroplasts of plants
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Autotroph
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organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds
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Heterotroph
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organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances
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Cellular Respiration:
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metabolic process that releases much of the energy in food to make ATP. The ATP provided in cellular respiration provides energy that cells need to carry out activities
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Pigment:
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structures containing light-absorbing substances, absorb only certain wavelengths
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Chlorophyll:
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primary pigment involved in photosynthesis, found in chloroplasts. Absorbs blue and red light and reflects green and yellow light→ reason plans look green
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Carotenoid:
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pigments that produce yellow and orange leaf colors, absorb wavelengths of light different from those by chlorophyll therefore plants are able to absorb more light energy during photosynthesis
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Thylakoid:
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found in chloroplasts, disk-shaped structure containing clusters of pigments embedded in membrane, involved in first step of plants capturing sunlight
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Electron transport chain:
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series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a Thylakoid membrane, used to make molecules that temporarily store energy in a cell
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NADPH:
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electron carrier that provides the high energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis
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Carbon dioxide fixation
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transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds, light independent reactions
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Calvin cycle:
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series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar, occurs in dark reactions
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Aerobic:
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metabolic processes that require oxygen
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Anaerobic
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metabolic processes that do not require oxygen
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Glycolysis:
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Anaerobic process that occurs in cytoplasm, one molecule of glucose splits into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules and produces 2 ATP molecules. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway found in ALL living organisms. Serves as a first step in a variety of both aerobic and anaerobic energy-harvesting reactions
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