Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
epidemiology
|
the study of the distribution and determinants of health in populations
|
|
|
clinical manifestation
|
diarrhea, respiratory, CNS, cardiovascular, sepsis
|
|
|
causative organisms
|
bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, prion
|
|
|
transmission
|
contact, food or water borne, air borne, vector borne, perinatal
|
|
|
reservoir
|
human, animal (zoonoses) soil, water
|
|
|
modes of transmission-direct (person to person)
|
body fluids or lesions of an infected person, fecal-oral, airborne by droplet spread; sexually transmitted
|
|
|
modes of transmission-airborne
|
pathogen in air
|
|
|
modes of transmission- vehicle borne
|
contanct w/ inanimate substance or medium a formite (like a doorhandel) food, water, needle
|
|
|
modes of transmission-vector borne
|
animal like insect carries a disease causing agent from one host to another
|
|
|
modes of transmission-verticl
|
from mother to child
|
|
|
human-human
|
measles, m. tuberculosis, STIs
|
|
|
human-insect-human
|
malaria, dengue, sleeping sickness
|
|
|
vertebrate-insect-vertebrate-human
|
west nile, lyme disease
|
|
|
incidence
|
# new infections in a time period
|
|
|
prevalence
|
total # of cases in a time period (used w/ chronic, non-cummunicable conditions)
|
|
|
morbidity
|
illness
|
|
|
mortality
|
death
|
|
|
all exposures cause infection
|
false
|
|
|
not all infections cause diesease
|
true
|
|
|
incubation period
|
time between exposure to an infectious agent and onset of symptoms or signs of infection
|
|
|
inapparent (subclinical) infections
|
infection that can be documented by isolation and culturing of the agent but does not cause symptoms
|
|
|
carrier
|
person who harbors an infectious agent and can transmit it to others, but does not have symptoms. short term or long term carrier.
|
|
|
pathogens
|
microbes that cuase disease-viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasties, etc
|
|
|
toxins
|
small organic molecules or pieces of protein or bacterial cell wall that are released when bacteria die (btulism, anthrax)
|
|
|
endemic
|
always present in a population
|
|
|
sporadic occurences
|
limited in a scope and affect a few individuals in a small area
|
|
|
epidemics
|
more widespread outbreaks in which a disease occurs more often than usual
|
|
|
pandemics
|
worldwide epidemics(influenza)
|
|
|
eradication
|
no risk of infection or disease in the absence of vaccination or any other control meansures (smallpox is and polio soon)
|
|
|
elimination
|
local eradication
|
|
|
control
|
limits the incidence of infection in a local area
|
|
|
influenza
|
causes the most death each year. constantly changes
|
|
|
antigenic drift
|
mutations bring gradual change in antigens so that antibody against the original virus becomes less effective
|
|
|
antigenic shift
|
major change occurs in antigens b/c two different influenza viruses attack the same cell. human antibodies are ineffective and most ppl will become ill when exposed to the virus.
|
|
|
influenza A
|
H3N2-most common
H1N1 1918 pandemic H5N1 avain flu |
|
|
virus
|
acellular-not composed of cells, must replicate inside a living cell. smaller than bacteria. have outer capsid made of protein and an inner core made of nucleic acid(either DNA or RNA) attaches, penetrates, replicates, biosynthesis, maturation, release
|
|
|
prions
|
proteinaceous infections particles, cause degenerative nervous system diseases and wasting diseases. transimitted by ingestion of brain and nerve tissues from infected individuals. causes mad cow.
|
|
|
bacteria
|
bigger than virus, smaller than human cell. have nuclear material inside and cell wall. prokaryotic cell- single circular strand of DNA. reproduce by binary fission-when one parent cell splits into 2 daughter cells.
|
|
|
gram stain
|
used to identify a bacterial pathogen-identifies relative amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
|
|
|
gram positive
|
thick layer..bonds to the stain
|
|
|
gram negative
|
do not bind to the stain
|
|
|
bacilli
|
rod shaped bacteria
|
|
|
cocci
|
spherical shaped bacteria
|
|
|
fungi
|
molds and yeasts
|
|
|
tineas
|
type of fungi, causes ringwom and atheletes foot
|
|
|
candidiasis
|
yeast imbalance(fungi)
|
|
|
histoplasmosis
|
fungi-found in soil and bird droppings
|
|
|
protozoans
|
eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and organells
|
|
|
helminths
|
worms that may live in the intestine, liver, lungs, blood or other body parts, including hte brain
|
|
|
chlamydia
|
most common STI in USa, may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women. bacterial
|
|
|
gonorrhea
|
PID in women; easier to detect in men. bacterial
|
|
|
syphilis
|
bacterial; chancre, rash, weakened arterial walls and nervous system impairment, can take antibiotics
|
|
|
genital herpes
|
viral; can by asymptomatic or cause blisters; no cure; comes back with stress; 2
1-cold sores, fever blisters |
|
|
genital warts
|
associated with tumors and cervical cancer HPV
|
|
|
hepatitis viruses
|
some are stis, viral and may cause chronic liver disease
|
|
|
trichomoniasis
|
caused by protozoan
|
|
|
bacterial vaginosis
|
foul fishy discharge
|
|
|
candidiasis
|
yeast infection
|
|
|
public lice
|
type of sti
|
|
|
AIDS
|
aquired, not genetic
|
|
|
HIV
|
replicates within white blood cells and destroys them and weakens the immune system
|
|
|
normal cd4 t cell count
|
800
|
|
|
stage 1 acute
|
500 +
|
|
|
state 2 chronic
|
200-499
|
|
|
stage 3 aids
|
below 200
|
|
|
women have a higher biological susceptibility to HIV
|
true
|
|
|
cleavage
|
cell division withouot growth
|
|
|
morphogenesis
|
shaping of embryo
|
|
|
morula
|
solid mass of cells bunch of berries
|
|
|
blastocyst
|
balls of cells formed from morula
|
|
|
embryonic disk
|
2 layers of cells b/t 2 cavities
|
|
|
gastrula
|
embryo composed of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
|
|
|
ectoderm
|
skin epidermis, accessory organs, nervous system-brain, spinal cord, ganglia, nerves, retina, lens, cornea of eye, inner ear, lining of nose, mouth and anus, tooth enamel
|
|
|
mesoderm
|
all muscles, dermis of skin, all connective tissue, kidneys, reproductive system
|
|
|
endoderm
|
lining of digestive tract, trachea, bronchi, lungs, gallbladder, urethra,
liver, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, urinary bladder |
|
|
yolk sac
|
first site of red blood cell formation
|
|
|
allantois
|
contributes to cardiovascular system
|
|
|
chorion
|
becomes part of the placenta
|
|
|
neurula
|
nervous system develops from ectoderm located just above the notochord
|
|
|
states of embryonic development
|
fertilized egg-cleavage forms egg-morula-blastocyst-embryonic disk-gastrula-neurula
|
|
|
embryo
|
weeks 2-8, when the zygote begins dividing
|
|
|
fetus
|
3-9 months, has human appearance
|
|
|
folic acid
|
take this multivitamin if might become pregnant
|
|
|
sex of individual is determined at the moment of fertilization
|
true
|
|
|
umbilical arteries
|
exchange gases and nutrients between maternal and fetal blood
|
|
|
umbilical veins
|
carries blood and o2 away from placenta to the fetus
|
|
|
umbilical cord
|
b/c placenta and fetus
|
|
|
ossification appear in bones at this age
|
3 months
|
|
|
when can sex be determined by docs?
|
3rd month
|
|
|
parturition
|
giving birth
|
|
|
states of parturition
|
mucous plug expelledd, cervix dilatese completely
baby's head descends and is delivered placenta delivered |
|
|
ectopic pregnancy
|
fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus
|
|
|
placenta previa
|
placenta blocks cerix
|
|
|
braxton hicks
|
false labor contractions
|
|
|
placental abrumption
|
placenta separates from the uterine wall b4 delivery. no oxygen or nutrients for child
|
|
|
preeclampsia(toxemia)
|
pregnancy induced hypertension...
|
|
|
breech
|
rump first
|
|
|
gerontology
|
study of aging
|
|
|
testes
|
produce sperm and sex hormones
|
|
|
epididymides
|
where sperm mature and some are stored
|
|
|
vas defernes
|
conduct and store sperm
|
|
|
seminal vesicles
|
nutrients and fluids for sperm
|
|
|
prostate gland
|
basic fluid to sperm
|
|
|
urethra
|
conducts sperm
|
|
|
bulbourethral glands
|
mucoid fluid to semen
|
|
|
spermatogenesis
|
formation of sperm
|
|
|
testosterone
|
reproductive organ development and functioning and male secondary sex characteristics
|
|
|
impotence
|
erectile dysfunction
|
|
|
cryptorchidism
|
testes not fully descended
|
|
|
ovaries
|
produce egg and sex hormones
|
|
|
oviducts, uterine or fallopian tubes
|
conduct egg, location of fertilization
|
|
|
uterus, womb
|
houses fetus
|
|
|
cervix
|
contains opening to uterus
|
|
|
follicles
|
contains immature egg, oocyte
|
|
|
uterine cycle
|
menstruation, proliferative phase (lining built back up), ovulation, secretory phase (luterine wall becoming dense in case needs to have nutrients for embryo)
|
|
|
endometriosis
|
endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus
|
|
|
pelvic inflammatory disease
|
caused by bacterial infections
|
|
|
follicular cysts
|
may need to be removed if too big
|
|
|
ovarian cancer
|
hard to diagnos early
|
|
|
cervical cancer
|
HPV, pap smears test for this
|
|
|
uterine/endometrial cancer
|
post menopausal, excess estrogen causes it
|
|
|
breast cancer
|
highly metastatic b/c connected with lymph system
|
