Bio Vocab Ch. 12 Biological Science Text Book

Front 1

ultimate explanation

Back 1

reason that a trait of phenomenon is thought to have evolved; the adaptive advantage of that trait

Front 2

Which proccess is know as reduction division?

Back 2

meoisis

Front 3

proximate explanation

Back 3

in biology, the immediate, mechanistic cause of a phenomenon (how it happens)

Front 4

During the full meoisis process how many cells are created from the original parental cell

Back 4

4

Front 5

sperm

Back 5

male reproductive cell

Front 6

egg

Back 6

female reproductive cell

Front 7

gametogenesis

Back 7

production of gametes (eggs or sperm)

Front 8

embryo

Back 8

a young developing organism. the stage after fertilization and zygote formation

Front 9

gametes

Back 9

a haploid reproductive cell that can fuse with another haploid cell to form a zygote. most multicellular eukaryotes have twoo distinct forms of gametes. egg cells and sperm cells. (reproductive cells)

Front 10

zygote

Back 10

the diploid cell formed by the union of two haploid gametes (egg + sperm). capable of undergoing embryological development to form an adult.

Front 11

meiosis

Back 11

a type of cell division in which one diploid parent cell produces four haploid reproductive cells (gametes). in meiosis, chromosome pairs synapse and can exchange genes via crossing over.

Front 12

autosome

Back 12

one of any pair of chromosomes that do not carry the genes that determine gender

Front 13

gene

Back 13

a section of DNA that encodes information for building a polypeptide or a functional molecule of RNA. influences one or more hereditary traits in an individual

Front 14

non-sister chromatids

Back 14

the chromosome copies in homologous chromosomes

Front 15

karyotype

Back 15

the distinctive appearance of all of the chromosomes in an individual, including the number of chromosomes and their length and banding patterns

Front 16

haploid number

Back 16

the number of different types of chromosomes in a cell. smbolized by n

Front 17

tetrad

Back 17

synapsed homologous chromsomes

Front 18

ploidy

Back 18

the number of each type of chromosome present; equivalent to the number of haploid chromosome sets present

Front 19

allele

Back 19

a particular version of a gene

Front 20

haploid

Back 20

having 1 of each type of chromosome. (n)

Front 21

diploid

Back 21

having 2 of each type of chromosome. (2n)

Front 22

meoisis I phases

Back 22

see picture

Front 23

centromere

Back 23

portion of the chromosome where sister chromotids are joined

Front 24

meoisis II phases

Back 24

see pic

Front 25

sister chromatids

Back 25

the chromosome copies in a replicated chromosome

Front 26

homologs

Back 26

homologous chromosomes. in a diploid organism, chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content. (although genes are the same, alleles may be different)

Front 27

Chromosome

Back 27

structure made up of DNA and proteins, carries the cell's hereditary information (genes)

Front 28

phases of mitosis

Back 28

see pic

Front 29

interphase

Back 29

1. Cell matures & carries on normal activities
2. DNA copied & appears as chromatin
3. Nucleolus visible

Front 30

late prophase (mitosis)

Back 30

1. Spindle forms with aster at each pole
2. Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disintegrate
3. Centromere of chromosomes attaches to spindle fibers

Front 31

anaphase (mitosis)

Back 31

1. Centromeres split apart
2. Homologs move to opposite poles of the cell

Front 32

telophase/cytokinesis (mitosis)

Back 32

1. Nuclear membrane & nucleolus reform
2. Cell pinches into 2 cells in animals
3. In plants, a cell plate separates the 2 new cells

Front 33

early prophase (mitosis)

Back 33

1. Chromosomes condense & become visible
2. Centrioles separate & spindle starts forming

Front 34

metaphase (mitosis)

Back 34

1. Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell attached to kinetochore fibers of spindle