Bio Vocab 7-12

Front 1

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

Back 1

nucleotide

Front 2

granular material visible within the nucleus containing the genetic info that is passed from generation to the next

Back 2

chromatin

Front 3

globular protein molecule the helps coil DNA tightly in chromatin

Back 3

histone

Front 4

enzyme that proofreads new DNA strands, ensuring that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA

Back 4

DNA polymerase

Front 5

copying process by a which cell's DNA duplicates

Back 5

replication

Front 6

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Back 6

gene

Front 7

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Back 7

mRNA

Front 8

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Back 8

rRNA

Front 9

type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Back 9

tRNA

Front 10

process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA

Back 10

transcription

Front 11

enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands during transcription

Back 11

RNA polymerase

Front 12

region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Back 12

promoter

Front 13

intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein

Back 13

intron

Front 14

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

Back 14

exon

Front 15

three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

Back 15

codon

Front 16

decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

Back 16

translation

Front 17

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule taht are complementary bases to an mRNA codon

Back 17

anticodon

Front 18

change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Back 18

mutation

Front 19

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting nucleotide

Back 19

frameshift mutation

Front 20

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Back 20

polyploidy

Front 21

collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that seperates the cell from its surrounding; basic unit of all forms of life

Back 21

cell

Front 22

idea that all living thing s are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from preexisting cells

Back 22

cell theory

Front 23

structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities

Back 23

nucleus

Front 24

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Back 24

organelle

Front 25

material inside the cell membrane - not including the nucleus

Back 25

cytoplasm

Front 26

layer of two membranes that surroudns the nucleus of a cell

Back 26

nuclear envelope

Front 27

threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic info that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

Back 27

chromosome

Front 28

small dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins

Back 28

nucleolus

Front 29

small particel in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein

Back 29

ribosome

Front 30

internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified

Back 30

ER

Front 31

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER

Back 31

golgi body

Front 32

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Back 32

lysosome

Front 33

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Back 33

vacuole

Front 34

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Back 34

mitochondrion

Front 35

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Back 35

chloroplast

Front 36

network of protein filaments within some cells that help the cell maintain its shape adn is involved in many forms of cell movemet

Back 36

cytoskeleton

Front 37

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear enevelope that help organize cell division

Back 37

centriole

Front 38

thin flexible barried around a cell that regulats what enters and leaves the cell

Back 38

cell membrane

Front 39

stron supporting layer around a cell membrane in plants, algae and some bacteria

Back 39

cell wall

Front 40

double layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes

Back 40

lipid bilayer

Front 41

when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution

Back 41

equilibrium

Front 42

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Back 42

isotonic

Front 43

the solution with the greater concentration of two solutes

Back 43

hypotonic

Front 44

the solutions with the lesser concentration of two solutes

Back 44

hypertonic

Front 45

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Back 45

facilitated diffusion

Front 46

energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

Back 46

active transport

Front 47

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Back 47

endocytosis

Front 48

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Back 48

exocytosis

Front 49

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

Back 49

phagocytosis

Front 50

process by whcih a cell takes in liquids from the surrounding environment

Back 50

pinocytosis

Front 51

teh study of traits passed one from oen generation to the next

Back 51

genetics

Front 52

the union of an egg and sperm cell

Back 52

fertilization

Front 53

term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

Back 53

true-breeding

Front 54

specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

Back 54

trait

Front 55

offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Back 55

hybrids