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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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single circulation, what's bad about it
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fish have it. Blood goes from heart, through gills and then to body. SLOW
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mixed blood, what's bad about it
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amphibians and reptiles have it. With only one ventricle, O2 saturated blood mixes with bad blood so that blood that goes out is low in O2.
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systolic blood pressure
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Blood pressure when heart contracts
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diastolic blood pressure
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blood pressure when heart is relaxed
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Plasma, what percentage of the blood
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Fluid portion of the blood, suspends everything else. 55%
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red blood cells, name, percentage of blood
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erythrocytes, 44%
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White blood cells, name, percentage
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leukocytes, 1%
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Platelets
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cell fragments that cause clotting
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cascade reaction
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platelets trigger enzymes which trigger more and more enzymes to make a clot
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xylem
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transport water in plants
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phloem
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transport nutrients in plants
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3 factors that make xylem tubes effective at transporting water
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adhesion (water to side of tube), cohesion (water to each other - chain), transpiration (evaporation through leaf)
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Interphase, parts
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most of cell cycle, G1 then to either G0 or R then S then G2
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mitosis
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chromosomes divide
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cytokinesis
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split of cell into two daughter cells
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DNA replication: Helicase - purpose?
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Unwinds DNA for replication
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DNA replication: Primase - purpose?
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makes a primer for DNA replication
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Okazaki fragments
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Small fragments that make up lagging strand
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DNA replication: DNA polymerase
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replaces RNA of primer with DNA
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DNA replication: DNA ligase
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joins new Okazaki fragments to old fragments to create single strand of DNA
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Centromere
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joins sister chromatids
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aneuploidy
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uneven division of chromosomes among daughter cells (BAD)
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Prophase, what's it look like, what's it do
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chromosomes in a blob, microtubules attach to chromosomes=kinetochore
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Metaphase, what's it look like, what's it do
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line of chromosomes, line up on metaphase plate - ensures equal division of chromatids
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Anaphase, what's it look like, what's it do
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two lines of chromosomes (separation), begin to be pulled in towards opposing sides
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telophase, what's it look like, what's it do
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new nuclei are formed (two blobs)
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PMAT
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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Transcription
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process of taking DNA and making RNA
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rRNA - purpose
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forms ribosomes
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mRNA - purpose
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code read by ribosomes to make proteins
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tRNA - purpose
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carries amino acids to ribosomes for translation
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three stages of transcription
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initiation, elongation, reaching of the terminator region
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how is mRNA modified before leaving the nucleus
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mG cap marks beginning, poly-A tail goes on end (decides life of protein), bad segments (introns) spliced out leaving exons
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how is tRNA modified before leaving the nucleus
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spliced, given "cloverleaf" shape
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how is rRNA modified before leaving the nucleus
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spliced, bound to proteins to get large and small subunits of ribosomes
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translation
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mRNA into proteins
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virus - lytic
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virus goes into cell, cell replicates virus until the cell dies and new viruses spread
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virus - lysogenic
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viral DNA becomes part of cellular DNA and virus is replicated as cell replicates, can lay dormant
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