Bio Unit 3

Front 1

Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

Back 1

Multicellular, Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic, Motile
Diploid adults, haploid gametes
Sexual Reproduction
Period of embryonic development

Front 2

Animals evolved from

Back 2

Choanoflagellate protists (cells = sponges')

Front 3

Protists - Animal Evolution

Back 3

Aggregate colony forms around a hollow unspecialized cell center

Cells specialize (reproduction vs somatic)

Outer cells infold, form a digestive cavity

Front 4

Hermaphrodites

Back 4

Monoecious species, both M and F gametangia in each individual

produce male and female gametes through meiosis

earthworms

Front 5

Gonorchism

Back 5

Dioecious species, each individual Male or Female
Gametes produces separately through meiosis

Front 6

Asexual Reproduction

Back 6

Simple animals; one parent, no mating/fertilization

Budding - unequal cytokinesis (hydra)
Fragmentation (sea star, 20%)
Parthenogensis - unfertilized egg into new individual (male honeybees, haploid)

Front 7

Early Embryonic Development

Back 7

Zygote undergoes cleavage to 8 Cell stage
8 -> Morula(16-64 cells)
-> Blastula
->Gastrula

Front 8

Blastoceal is a _____ formed by the hollowing out of the ________

Back 8

fluid cavity
morula

Front 9

Gastrulation

Back 9

germ layers (embryonic tissues) formed as cells migrate inwards

Front 10

Blastopore

Back 10

mouth/anus

Front 11

-coel

Back 11

cavity in which organs sit

Front 12

3 Germ Layers

Back 12

Endoderm (inner)
Mesoderm (middle)
Ectoderm (outer)

Front 13

Diplo vs Triploblastic

Back 13

No mesoderm (thus no organs/systems) in diploblastic

Front 14

Ectoderm

Back 14

skin, hair, nails

nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
- thus first layer to develop

Front 15

Mesoderm

Back 15

bone, cartilage, muscle, connective tissue (joints, ligaments)

Blood and cardiovascular system (heart, arteries/veins)

Front 16

Endoderm

Back 16

organs of the digestive and respiratory system

Front 17

Some structures arise from more than one germ layer such as the _______

Back 17

kidney

Front 18

Cephalization

Back 18

presence of an observable head (bilateral symmetry)

Front 19

3 Body plans of triploblastic animals

Back 19

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate

Front 20

Acoelomates such as ________, _______ a body _______ between the ________ and _________

Back 20

flatworms
lack cavity
digestive tract, outer body wall

Front 21

Pseudocoelomates such as __________, ________ a body __________ only ________ _______ by tissue derived from the ______________

Back 21

nemotodes
have cavity
partially lined mesoderm

Front 22

Coelomates such as ________, _______ a body ________ completely _______ by ___________ from the mesoderm

Back 22

annelids
have cavity
lined tissue

Front 23

Colorings of germ layers?

Back 23

Endo = yellow
Meso = red
Ecto = blue

Front 24

2 Types of Guts

Back 24

Incomplete - one opening (mouth an anus)
Complete - 2 openings (mouth an anus separate)

Front 25

Segmentation

Back 25

division of organism's body into equal or unequal parts

-Earthworms
-Arthropods
-Vertebrates

Front 26

If animal is _____ and _______, then it is classified into _______ or _________

Back 26

triploblastic, ceolomate

protostome, deuterostome

Front 27

Protostome vs deuterostome cleavage

Back 27

Eight cell stage undergoes spiral, determinate vs
Radial and indeterminate

Front 28

Protostome vs deuterostome Coelom Formation

Back 28

Begins in gastrula:
Schizocoelous - solid masses of mesoderm splits around single blastopore to form 2 coeloms
vs
Enterocoelous - folds of the archenteron form coelom

Front 29

Archenteron

Back 29

Central area of embryo before coelom formation

Front 30

-entero

Back 30

gut

Front 31

Protostome vs deuterostome Fate of the Blastopore

Back 31

Mouth develops from blastopore vs anus develops from blastopore (2 openings)

Front 32

Molting

Back 32

shedding of exoskeleton to grow (cicadas)

Front 33

3 Protostomes

Back 33

Molluscs, annelids, arthropods

Front 34

2 Deuterostomes

Back 34

Echinoderms, Chordates

Front 35

Structure of trochophore Larva

Back 35

Apical tuft of cilia on top
Mouth in center
Anus on bottom

For all protostomes

Front 36

9/36 Animal phyla = what % of animal species

Back 36

99.99

Front 37

Only of 36 Phyla with Vertebrates?

Back 37

Chordata

Front 38

Characteristics of Porifera

Back 38

filter feeders
asymmetrical/radial
atypical animals
sessile adults (anchored)
no definitive tissue (no germ layers)
cell specialization

Front 39

Porifera Filter Feeding

Back 39

Ostia - little holes all over body where water comes in
Spongeocoel - center cavity where water collects
Osculum - opening on top, excurrent

Front 40

cells covering body surface (porifera)

Back 40

pinacocytes

Front 41

cells regulating water influx (porifera)

Back 41

porocytes (surround ostia like guard cells) regulated by actin

Front 42

food trapping/engulfing cells (porifera)

Back 42

choanocytes

Front 43

digestive cells (porifera)

Back 43

amoebocytes

Front 44

amoebocytes produces _________ of _______ or __________ and move through ________ in order to ___________ food

Back 44

spicules (skeletal elements)
calcium carbonate
spongin (silica based)
mesohyl
transport

Front 45

Sponge reproduction

Back 45

Asexual - fragmentation, budding through gemmule formation

Sexual - zygote - amphiblastula larvae (both flagellated and nonflagellated cells) - adult

Front 46

Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics

Back 46

radial symmetry
motile or sessile
diploblastic (tissues, no organs)

Front 47

Tissues in Cnidaria

Back 47

Epidermis
Gastrodermis - lines gut (coelenteron)
Nerve Net
Mesoglea
Incomplete Digestive tract
Tentacles (nematocysts for stinging)
Poly/Medusa

Front 48

Why jelly neurotoxin doesn't kill us?

Back 48

it's too week, our neurological system to complex

Front 49

4 Classes of Cnidaria

Back 49

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

Front 50

Class Hydrozoa

Back 50

hydras
Adult: Polyp
Juvenile: Medusa

Front 51

Class Scyphozoa

Back 51

Jellyfish
Adult - Medusa
Juvenile - Polyp (section off)

Front 52

Class Cubozoa

Back 52

Box jellies
Adult: Medusa
Juvenile: Polyp

Front 53

Class Anthozoa

Back 53

Sea Anemones, Corals

Polyp Always

Front 54

Cnidaria Reproduction

Back 54

Asexual - budding (hydra)

Sexual - external zygote - planula larva (multicellular paramecium) - adult

Front 55

Phylum Platyhelminthes Characteristics

Back 55

Flatworms
Bilateral Symmetry (First)
Motile as adults
Longitudinal muscles (head - posterior)
Triploblastic
Acoelomates

Front 56

Organ Systems in Platyhelminthes

Back 56

Ganglia with nerve cords
Incomplete Gut with intestine
Protonephridia with flame bulb cells

*These only in free living*

Front 57

Three Classes of Platyhelminthes

Back 57

Turbellaria (free living flat worms)
Trematoda (trematodes/flukes - parasites)
Cestoda (tapeworms - parasites)

Front 58

Class Turbellaria

Back 58

Free living, mostly around coral

Eye spots with ganglia
Pharynx, digestion in gastrovascular cavity

Planarians

Front 59

Class Trematoda

Back 59

Parasites of vertebrates, 2 suckers attach to blood vessels of small intestine

Intermediate hosts for transportation

Front 60

Class Cestoda

Back 60

Parasites of Vertebrates
Scolex (head) attaches to small intestine
Proglottids produce eggs

Front 61

Proglottids

Back 61

sexual reproductive segment of tape worms
immature at top of worm
mature in middle of worm (lack testes)
gravid plogottids are full of fertilized eggs near end of worm (enlarged uterus)

Front 62

Life cycle of Schistomosoma Mansoni

Back 62

Trematode,
Eggs develop into ciliated larvae that infect snails (intermediate hosts)
Asexual reproduction within snail produce new larvae
New larvae penetrate skin and blood vessels of humans in irrigated fields

Front 63

3 Adaptations to parasitism

Back 63

Hooks/suckers for attachment

Cuticle for protection against digestive enzymes/acid

Ability to produce numerous eggs

Front 64

Phylum Nematoda

Back 64

Roundworms, mostly parasitic
bilateral symmetry
motile (longitudinal and circular muscles)
*Triploblastic - complete gut
*Pseudocoelomate
Cuticle - capable of ecdysis (molting)

Front 65

Ascarris

Back 65

Roundworm (nematoda)
lives in blood vessels of intestine

male is thinner and ends in hook for attaching to female

Front 66

Trichinella spiralis

Back 66

Roundworm (nematoda)

causes trichinosis

gotten by eating infected undercooked pork

Front 67

Phylum Mollusca

Back 67

2 largest, soft body
Bilateral Symmetry, Motile
Triploblastic Coelomates
-Protostomes

Front 68

Common name of 5 Mollusks

Back 68

Snail/Slug
Bivalves
Scallops
Squids

Front 69

2 Major characteristics of Mullusks

Back 69

Muscular foot
Mantle - body covering or lining of shell

Front 70

Additional structures of Mullusks

Back 70

Shell of Calcium Carbonate
Visceral Mass (f organ stuck together)
Radula (little teeth)
Gills/Lungs

Front 71

Rings in mantle

Back 71

produced by enzyme; grow spring, summer fall
Slowed in winter to produce visible edge

Front 72

Mollusks first phylum with _______. Most have ______ circulatory systems

Back 72

blood
open

Front 73

Open Circulatory System (Mollusk)

Back 73

Blood released into hemocoel
Re-enters heart through small holes

Front 74

Closed Circulatory System

Back 74

Blood only travels through heart and blood vessels

Front 75

Nephridium

Back 75

excretory organs (mollusk, annelida)

Front 76

Class Polyplacophorans

Back 76

Molluska - "many plated shells"

-8 plated
-mouth with radula
-gills

Front 77

Class Bivalvia

Back 77

Molluska
2 shells
2 valves bring water in/out
-filter feeder

Front 78

Class Gastropoda

Back 78

Molluska "stomach above foot"
-some terrestrial
-cephalized
-antennae
-radula

Front 79

Class Cephalopoda

Back 79

Mulluska "head foot"

-closed circulatory (only mollusk)
-cephalized
-eyes
-camouflage

Front 80

4 Classes of Mulluska

Back 80

Polyplacophorans
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda

Front 81

Phylum Annelida

Back 81

Worms, First Segmented
aquatic or moistly terrestrial
bilateral symmetry, motile
triploblastic coelomates
protostomes

Front 82

Segments/Bristles/Walls between segments

Back 82

Metameres, Setae (chaetae)/septa

Front 83

_______ ______ _______ with segmental ________

individual ________ ______ in each segment (_______ system)
_________ system not segmented

Back 83

ventral nerve cord, ganglia
blood vessels, closed
digestive

Front 84

all protostomes have ______ larval stage

Back 84

trochophore

Front 85

Annelida reproduction

Back 85

Clitellum (metameres 32-37) for

Copulation (exchange of sperm)
Cocoon formation

Front 86

Order of parts posterior to anterior in earth worm

Back 86

ganglia
pharynx
esophagus
crop
gizzard
intestine
metanephridia

Front 87

3 Classes of Annelida

Back 87

Oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Hirudinea

Front 88

Class Oligochaeta

Back 88

Annelida
Earthworms
Few bristles (chaeta)
reduced head

Front 89

Class Polychaeta

Back 89

Annelida
Marine

Many bristles (chaeta) conncted to-
parapodia - flaps off body for swimming

Front 90

Class Hirudinea

Back 90

Leeches
suckers
release anesthetic and anticoagulant

Front 91

Phylum Anthropoda

Back 91

Largest, jointed bodies, segments
First with appendages for movement
- Bilateral motile
-Triploblastic Coelomate Protostomes

Front 92

Anthropoda Appendages

Back 92

Legs
Swimmerettes (pleopods)
Wings
Antennae
Mouthparts

Front 93

Two types of anthropoda mouthparts

Back 93

chelicerae for bring food to mouth (fangs, pincers, outside mouth)

mandible - jaw

Front 94

3 parts of anthropoda

Back 94

Head
Thorax
Abdomen

Front 95

Anthropoda have a __________ of _______ that molts (_______) and a ________ circulatory system

Back 95

exoskeleton, chitin, ecdysis
Open, heart has holes

Front 96

4 Subphylums of Anthropds

Back 96

Chelicerformes
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
Crustacea

Front 97

2 Classes of Chelicerformes

Back 97

Merostomata (middle mouth)
Arachnida

Front 98

Classs Merostomata

Back 98

Subphylum Chelicerae, horseshoe crabs


Chelicerae are feeding pincers
8 legs
terrestrial

living fossils, eggs food for migrating birds

Front 99

Class Arachnida

Back 99

Subphylum Chelicerformes

Fangs, 8, terrestrial

Front 100

2 Classes of Myriapoda

Back 100

Chilopoda (centipedes)
Diplopoda (millipedes)

Front 101

Class Chilopoda

Back 101

Centipedes
Mandibles
one pair of legs per segment
terrestrial carnivores

Front 102

Class Diplopoda

Back 102

Millipedes
Mandibles
2 pairs of legs per segment
terrestrial herbivores

Front 103

Subphylum Hexapoda Class Characteristics

Back 103

Insecta
Mandibles
6 legs
terrestrial, many aerial

Front 104

3 Advantages of Flight

Back 104

Escape predators
Search for new food sources
Search for new mates, genetic variation

Front 105

_______ tubes filter liquid/gaseous waste out of _______ into ________

Back 105

malpighian tubules, blood, intestine

Front 106

Metamorphosis =

Back 106

pupation

Front 107

Subphylum Crustacea (no classes)

Back 107

Crabs lobsters etc...
Mandible
10 legs (2 for defense)
Aquatic

Front 108

Phylum Echinodermata

Back 108

Sea Stars, Urchins, Cucumbers, Sand Dollars
'Spiny skinned (CaCO3)'
Aquatic, Radial Symmetry

Triploblastic Coelomate Deuterostomes
Water Vascular System

Front 109

Phylum Echinodermata do not have these 3 things

Back 109

segmentation
Gills/lungs
Excretory System

Front 110

Water Vascular System Functions

Back 110

Movement
Food Handling
Gas Exchange
Excretion of ammonia

Front 111

Water Vascular System Structures

Back 111

Madreporite (sieve plate)
Ring and radial canals
Ampullae
Tube Feet

Front 112

Madreporite (sieve plate) function

Back 112

lets water in and out, leads into ring/radial canals

Front 113

Ampullae

Back 113

bulb like structures that run through vascular system, up and down arms and sides of radial canals (which stem out into arms from ring canal).

Push water up and down to tube feet, cause sticking

Front 114

5 Echinoderm Classes

Back 114

Asteroidea
Ophiuroidea
Echinoidea
Crinoidea
Holothroidia

Front 115

Class Asteroidia

Back 115

sea stars

-5+ Arms, rounded at tip
-feet line underside of arms
-have spines

Front 116

Class Ophiuroidea

Back 116

Brittle sea stars

-5+ arms, thin an serpentine
-feet line underside of arms
-have spines

Front 117

Class Echinoidea

Back 117

sea urchins

-no arms; numerous long spines
-tube feet on bottom of disk/sphere
-have spines

Front 118

Class Crinoidea

Back 118

Sea Lilies, Feather Stars

-arms radiate up
-tube feet attached to tips of arms for food trapping
-spines, sessile

Front 119

Class Holothroidia

Back 119

Sea Cucumbers

-no arms
-tube feet cover entire body
-no spines

Front 120

Phylum Chordata

Back 120

3rd largest
bilaterally symmetrical

triploblastic coelomate deuterostomes

Front 121

4 Main Chordate Characteristics

Back 121

Notochord - stiff dorsal rod (vertebrae)
Dorsal hollow nerve cord - (brain, spinal cord)
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post - anal tail

Front 122

Hypothetical Phylogeny of Chordates

Back 122

Invertebrate
Crainates
Vertebrates
Gnathostomes (jaw)
Osteichyans (bone)
Tetrapods (4 legs)
Amniotes (shelled eggs with fluid)

Front 123

2 Invertebrate sub phylum

Back 123

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

Front 124

Sub Phylum urochordata

Back 124

Tunicates, sea squirts, sea grapes

Adult - sessile, filter feeders, only keeps gill slits.
Differs from larval stage (free swimming tadpole)

Front 125

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Back 125

Lancelets (blade)

Sand burrowers
motile adults (juvenile identical but smaller)
filter feeders

Front 126

Origin of Craniates

Back 126

Ectoderm allows for formation of neural tube which
Holds spinal cord and brain (develop from notochord)

Cranium (skull) formed by mesoderm to protect brain

Front 127

Class Myxini

Back 127

Hagfish, Subphylum Craniate

Cranium of cartilage
No jaw/vertebrae
Small brain, eyes, ears, nasal openings
Covered by slime glands
Scavenger

Front 128

Class Agnatha

Back 128

Jawless fishes (lamprey)
first vertebrae - incomplete (doesn't surround spine)
no mandibles/fins

Ectoparasite - sucker like mouth (star wars)

Front 129

Origin of gnathostomes - 2 adaptations

Back 129

evolution of mandible up/down motion
evolution of lateral line to detect vibrations (concentrated nerve cells)

Front 130

Class Chondrichthyes

Back 130

cartilaginous fishes
1st: paired fins
mandible
lateral line
cloaca (shared opening for release of waste/gametes)

Front 131

Oldest chondricthyan

Back 131

spotted ratfish

Front 132

Class Osteichthyes

Back 132

Bony Fish
Largest vertebrate class
bony skeleton/scales
covered gill slits
swim bladder
lateral line

Front 133

Class Amphibia

Back 133

Frogs, Toads, Salamanders
(Double life)
Land - legs, lungs, 3 chambered heart
Water - moist skin, aquatic eggs

Front 134

Amniotic Egg 4 Membranes

Back 134

Amnion - protection
Allantois - sac for waste
Yolk Sac - nourishment for embryo
Chorion - regulate gas exchange

Front 135

Class Reptilia

Back 135

turtle, crocodilians, snakes

Dry epidermal scales - shed in sheets
amniotic egg
4 chambered heart
ectothermic

Front 136

Aves adaptation to flight

Back 136

- wings with feathers
- hollow bones
-enlarged breastbone/muscles
-uric acid production lighter
-high metabolism

Front 137

Class Aves

Back 137

Birds
Endothermic (1st)
4 chambered heart
Beak variations based on feeding
Feet variations based on lifestyle

Front 138

Class Mammalia

Back 138

mammals, means breast

Mammory glands
hair, fat, endothermic, high metabolism
Viviparous, 4 chambered heart, diaphragm
single bone jaw
middle ear bones

Front 139

Middle ear bones

Back 139

stapes, incus, malleus

Front 140

Mammals only class to have _______ _________ ______

Back 140

single boned jaw

Front 141

Subclass Monotremata

Back 141

Monotremes, egg laying mammals

Produce milk in mammory glands
No milk - licked up from few
3 species

Front 142

3 species of monotremes

Back 142

platypus, echidnas, spiny anteater

Front 143

Subclass Marsupalia

Back 143

Marsupials, pouch bearing mammals
Placenta present to nourish embryo in uterus
Newborn underdeveloped
nourished by mammory glands within pouch

Front 144

Subclass Eutheria

Back 144

true placental mammas
complex plancenta
longer gestation (time spent in uterus) period

Front 145

Aquatic vertebrate = _____ _______ _______

Back 145

2 chambered heart

Front 146

more chambers allows for

Back 146

oxygenated blood in heart (3 = partially, 4 = fully)

Front 147

Biomes

Back 147

various regions of our planet distinguished by climate, fauna, and flora

Front 148

Flora

Back 148

plant life

Front 149

fauna

Back 149

animal life

Front 150

biodiversity

Back 150

variety of species in an environment

Front 151

Elements of biomes

Back 151

climate, habitat, animal/plant adaptations, biodiversity, human activity

Front 152

Terrestrial biomes

Back 152

tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, grassland/savanna desert, chaparral, tropical rainforest

Front 153

class of phylum chordata with craniums but no vertebrae or jaws

Back 153

myxini

Front 154

protists that are closing living ancestor to animals based on cell type shared by sponges

Back 154

choanoflagellate

Front 155

asexual reproduction performed by honeybees

Back 155

parthenogenesis

Front 156

presence of observeable head

Back 156

cephalization

Front 157

Deuterostomes have spiral and determinate cleavage during embryonic development True/False

Back 157

False

Front 158

what specific type of coelom formation seen in protostomes involves solid masses of mesoderm splitting to form separate body cavities

Back 158

schizocoelous

Front 159

what specific opening of the digestive tract does the blastopore become in protostome animals

Back 159

mouth

Front 160

specific cell type of sponges that contains lysosomes for the digestion and distribution of food and responsible for spicule formation?

Back 160

amoebocytes

Front 161

internal resistant buds that form along the wall of a sponge spongecoel for the purpose of asexual reproduction

Back 161

gemmules

Front 162

what specific term refers to the thread like stinging apparatus that is discharged from a cnidocyte

Back 162

nematocyst?

Front 163

pockets of nerve cells that are within head of a free living flatworm

Back 163

ganglia

Front 164

type of scales in cartilinguous fishes?

Back 164

placoid

Front 165

bony flap that covers gill slits of bony fish

Back 165

operculum