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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Ovulation

Typically around day 14 - Release of the egg, fallopian tube gets ready to catch the egg

Luteal Phase

Days 15-28


Just after ovulation tot he onset of menstruation


corpus luteum happens

Corpus Luteum

A ruptured follicle becomes a dense network of blood capillaries and yellow lipid (scar tissue).


Eventually becomes a new follicle and surrounds a new egg


Folliculogenesis

changes in the follicle surrounding an egg during oogenesis

Folliculogenesis - before birth

1st phase - primordial follicles: primary oocyte (immature egg) surrounded by cells


- appears long before birth


- no change until adolescence

Folliculogenesis - adolescence


(primary follicles)

Everything gets larger


primary follicles: larger oocyte and larger single layer of cells

Folliculogenesis - adolescence


(secondary follicles)

- larger oocyte and larger single layer of cells


- developing layers of cells (stratified = multiple layers)


- secrete a gel around the oocyte (zone pellucida)

Folliculogenesis - adolescence


(tertiary follicles)

cells secrete follicular fluid forming a fluid cavity around the oocyte (antrum)


- antrum - another layer of jelly like matrix

Folliculogenesis - adolescence


(mature follicles)

during ovulation the oocyte breaks away becoming free floating


- egg gets released

Menstrual Cycle

- Occurs at the same time as the ovarian cycle


- build up, break down and discharge of the endometrium

4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

1. Proliferative


2. Secretory


3. Premenstrual


4. Menstrual

Prolferative

(Day 5 or 6 to Day 14)


- layer of endometrial tissue lost in last menstrual cycle is rebuilt


Secratory

(Day 15 to Day 26)


- Endometrium thickens even more


- Right after Ovulation (day 14)


- Ready for embryonic development


- surge in release of hormones

Premenstrual

(Days 27 and 28) - last 2 days


- Endometrial starts to break down


- Corpus Luteum (degenerated follicle) starts to break down

Menstrual

(Days 1 through 5 or 6)


- Menstrual fluid is formed from breakdown of endometrium


- discharged fromt he vagina


- First day of discharge marks day 1 of a new cycle

Name the 4 Female Hormones

1. FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone


2. Luteinizing Hormone


3. Estrogen


4. Progesterone

Cycle of Hormones


(Steps 1 and 2)


1. increase in FSH and LH (secreted from the brain)


2. FSH stimulates the growth of an ovarian follicle


- as the maturing follicle grows, it secretes estrogen in increasing amounts

Cycle of Hormones


(Steps 3 and 4)

3. Estrogen levels peak after about 12 days


4. ^ which causes a sudden surge in FSH and LH


- this stimulates ovulation

Cycle of Hormones


(Steps 5 and 6)

5. Ovulation (developing follicle bursts and releases an egg)


6. Rising levels of estrogen and progesterone thinker the endometrium to get ready for possible fertilization


- prevents a second follicle from developing

Cycle of Hormones


(Steps 7)

Once estrogen and progesterone levels fall below a critical level the endometrium begins to shed

Contraception:


and it's 4 types

deliberate prevention of pregnancy


1. Behavioral - Temprary (Rhythm Method) and complete abstinence


2. Permanent - Vasectomy and Tubal Ligation


3. Barrier Methods - (physically prevent union of sperm and egg) Diaphragm, Spermicides, and condems


4. Hormonal - birth control pills

Abstinence

Complete - avoiding intercorse (only total effective form of abstinence)


Temporary - avoiding intercorse during ovulation (rhythm method or natural family planning) *most unreliable option because sperm live for long periods of time*


Tubal Litigation

A doctor removes a short section of each fallopian tube, often tying to ligating the ends and thereby blocking the route of the sperm to the egg (permanent)

Vasectomy

Doctor cuts a section out of each vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching urethra (permanent)

Barrier Methods

condoms


diaphragm - covers the cervix


spermicides - kills the sperm

Birth Control Pills

- prevention of the release of gametes


- comes in a variety of pills, shots, patches


- contains carrying amounts of hormones


- ceases ovulation


- fools the body that pregnancy has occurred

Morning After Pill

Prevents fertilization or implantation after intercorse has occurred

Life Cycle

carrying genetics from one generation to the next

Gametogenesis

production of gametes - egg and sperm

Haploid Cells

(n) = 23 chromosomes


only 1 set of chromosomes


Diploid Cells

(2n) = 46 chromosomes


2 sets of (n) chromosomes in each cell


- one set inherited from each parent


- fertilization of an egg by sperm


Spermatogenesis - formation of sperm cells


- start with an immature sperm cell (2n) goes through copy (Meiosis 1) and division (Meiosis 2)


- 1 sperm cell = 4 sperm

A male starts with a sperm cell containing 46 chromosomes, how many sperm does he end up with and how many chromosomes are in each sperm?

He ends with 4 sperm each containing 23 chromosomes

Oogenesis


- development of mature eggs - ova


- 1 cell gives 1 egg


- starts with 2n and ends with 1 egg (n)


- polar body = extra chromosome

Fertilization

Haploid (n) sperm cell from father fuses with haploid (n) egg cell from mother


zygote = fertilized egg - diploid (2n)

Meiosis

- Method in which egg and sperm are produced


- Process of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

1. Meiosis - # of chromosomes is reduced by half (meiosis 1 and 2 produces 4 daughter cells) - produces n cells; Mitosis produces 2n cells


2. exchange of genetic material - crossing over (genetic shuffling)


3. strictly for producing egg and sperm


Meiosis - only sex organs


XX > XX > XX + XX > X(23) + X(23) + X(23) + X(23)


XX



1 diploid (2n) cell to 4 haploid (n) cells


Mitosis

- provides for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction (every other cell in the body)


- produces daughter cells genetically identical to parent cells

Homologous Chromasomes

2 chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell (one from mom and one from dad)

2 chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell (one from mom and one from dad)

Sister Chromatid

one of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome (when copying occurs)

one of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome (when copying occurs)

Phases of Meiosis

- Interphase


- Meiosis l - Homologous chromosomes separate


(Prophase l, Metaphase l, Anaphase l, Telophase l, and Cytokinesis)


- Meiosis ll - Sister chromatids separate (Prophase ll, Metaphase ll, Anaphase ll, Telophase ll, and Cytokinesis)

Which phase?

Which phase?

Meiosis: Interphase


- chromosomes duplicate


- each chromosome then consists of two identical sister chromatids


- NO cellular division, ONLY the copy of DNA

Which phase?

Which phase?

Meiosis: Anaphase l


- the attachment of homogenous chromosomes will be pulled apart


- the sister chromatids go in pairs (different than mitosis)


- chromosomes migrate towards the poles

Which phase?

Which phase?

Meiosis: Metaphase l


- Homologous pairs are aligned down the middle


- sister chromatids of each chromosome are attached to their centromeres


- preparing themselves to be pulled apart

Which phase?

Which phase?

Meiosis: Prophase l


- copied DNA are in pairs, held by proteins


- results in 4 chromatids


- crossing over occurs (rearranging genetic info)


- spindle microtubules form


- homogenous chromosomes move toward center of cell


Which phase(s)?

Which phase(s)?

Meiosis: Telophase l and Cytokinesis


Telophase l - chromosomes arrive at the poles (ea. pole has a haploid set of chromosome set)


- Nuclei form


Cytokinesis - splitting of the cytoplasm to form two haploid daughter cells (creating the cleavage furrow)

Meiosis ll

- essentially the same as Mitosis


- important difference: meiosis ll starts with a haploid cell that does not undergo chromosomal duplication

What is a Meiosis Error?

An accident during Meiosis that could alter chromosome number

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at anaphase


- affects someone's gender


- can occur during Meiosis l or ll


- gametes with abnormal numbers (instead of 46, they may have 45 or 47)

Meiosis Error: Monosomy

absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes (45)

Meiosis Error: Trisomy

extra chromosome


3 chromosomes, rather than the usual pair


(47)

Meiosis Error: Sex Chromosomes

chromosomes that determine a person's sex


XX = female and XY = male


(last pair - 23)

Meiosis Error: Autosomal Chromosomes

non-sex chromosomes


eye color, hair color, nose shape, etc.


(first 22 pairs)

3 Types of Chromosome Anomalies

1. Down Syndrome


2. Klinefelter


3. Turner Syndrome

Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21 (additional chromosome)


- Characteristics: facial (flat face and nose, fold of skin near eye; short stature; heart defects; carrying degree of mental retardation; usually a shorter lifespan


Klinefelter

- abnormal #of sex chromosomes: (extra X chromosome in males - XXY)


- Characteristics: male sex organs; normal intelligence; testes abnormally small; sterile; breast enlargements, feminine body contours.


- symptoms can be reduced with testosterone

Other sex anomalies

XYY - No syndrome, Normal male


XXX - No syndrome, Normal female

Turner Syndrome

- Females who lack an X chromosome (XY, XO, or X)


- Characteristics: short stature; web of skin extending on the sides of the neck; normal intelligence; sterile; poor development of breast and other secondary sex characteristics


- symptoms can be treated with estrogen

Fertilization

Fertilization

Union of sperm and egg to form a zygote

Embryonic Development

We started as a single cell and become trillions of cells witch organized themselves and became specialized. and we developed into a complete organism

Cleavage: series of rapid cell divisions that produce a multicellular ball


- DNA replication, mitosis, cytokinesis


- embryo size does not change rather there is twice as many cells each with its own nucleus


- cleavage continues as the embryo moves down the fallopian tube


- a central cavity starts to form in the embryo

Embryo vs. Fetus

Embryo: up to 8 weeks of development


Fetus: 8 weeks until birth

Morula

ball of more than 16 cells

Blastocyst

fluid filled hollow ball of about 100 cells


- after 6 or 7 days after fertilization the embryo has reached the uterus

Grastrulation

2nd stage of development by 9 days after conception

Gastrula

Gastrula

cells of the embryo begin an organized migration


- embryo with 3 main layers


- ectoderm


- mesoderm


- endoderm

Ectoderm

- develops into nervous system and outer layer of skin

Mesoderm

- middle layer


- gives rise to most other organs and tissues


- heart, kidneys, and muscles

Endroderm

- develops into inner most layer of digestive system and major organs


- liver, pancreas, and thyroid

Implantation

a fertilized egg makes its way into the uterus where it will attach itself to the lining for development


(a gastrula implanting itself in the uterus)

Gestation

period of pregnancy, carrying the developing young in the female reproduction tract (40 weeks)