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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
absorption
4th step of digestion: the small subunits are transported out of the digestive cavity and into cells
amino acid
food is broken down into amino acid subunits during digestion; 11/20 can be synthesized; 9/20 (essential amino acids) cannot and must be obtained from food; amino acids perform many roles in the body and excess amino acids serve as an energy source
amylase
an enzyme in saliva that begins hte breakdown of starches into sugar
bile
a complex mixture composed of bile salts, water, other salts, and cholesterol; created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; helps break down fats
Calorie
1000 calories
cholecystokinin
a digestive hormone, produced by the small intestine, that stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes
chyme
an acidic, souplike mixture of partially digested food, water, and digestive secretions that is released from the stomach into the small intestine
colon
the longest part of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum
digestion
the process by which food is physically and chemically broken down into molecules that can be absorbed by cells
disaccharidases
enzymes that split disaccharides into monosaccharides
esophagus
a muscular passageway that conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach in humans and other mammals
fatty acid
an organic molecule composed of a long chain of carbon atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end; may be saturated (all single bonds between the carbon atoms) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds between carbon atoms)
feces
semisolid waste material that remains in the intestine after absorption is complete and is voided through the anus. Feces consist of indigestible wastes and bacteria. Basically, POOP
gallbladder
a small sac, next to the liver, in which the bile secreted by the liver is stored and concentrated. Bile is released from the gallbladder to the small intestine through the bile duct.
gastric inhibitory peptide
a hormone, produced by the small intestine, that inhibits the activity of the stomach
gastrin
a hormone, produced by the stomach, that stimulates acid secretion in response to the presence of food
glycogen
a long, branched polymer of glucose that is stored by animals in the muscles and liver and metabolized as a source of energy
hydrochloric acid
allows pepsin to work, kills some bacteria, aids in mineral absorption; located in cells lining stomach
large intestine
the final section of the digestive tract; consists of the colon and the rectum
lipase
an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids such as fats
liver
an organ with varied functions, including bile production, glycogen storage, and the detoxification of poisons
microvilli
a microscopic projection of the plasma membrane of each villus; increases the surface area of the villus
mucus
protects cells from digesting themselves; found in cells lining the stomach
nutrient
a substance acquired from the environment and needed for the survival, growth, and development of an organism
nutrition
the process of acquiring nutrients from the environment and, if necessary, processing them into a form that can be used by the body
pancreas
a combined exocrine and endocrine gland located in the abdominal cavity next to the stomach. The endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate glucose concentrations in the blood. The exocine portion secretes enzymes for fat, carbohydrate, and protein digestion into the small intestine and neutralizes the acidic chyme
pancreatic juice
a ixture of water, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes released by the pancreas into the small intestine
pepsin
a protease, or enzyme that helps break proteins into shorter chains of amino acids (peptides) -- secreted in the form of pepsinogen, activated by hydrochloric acid
peptidases
enzymes that split small peptides into amino acids
peristalsis
rhythmic coordinated contractions of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract that move substances through the digestive tract
pharynx
a chamber that is located at the back of the mouth and is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems
proteases
an enzyme that digests proteins
rectum
the terminal portion of the vertebrate digestive tube, where feces are stored until they can be eliminated
secretin
a hormone, produced by the small intestine, that stimulates the production and release of digestive secretions by the pancreas and liver
small intestine
the portion of the digestive tract, located between the stomach and the large intestine, in which most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs
sodium bicarbonate
enzyme in the pancreas, neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach
stomach
the muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where food is stored and mechanically broken down and in which protein digestion begins
villus
a fingerlike projection of the wall of the small intestine that increases the absorptive surface area