Bio-The Dynamic Cell- Chap 5

Front 1

Potential energy

Back 1

Stored energy

I.e chemical nutrients of food, location such at height

Front 2

Kinetic energy

Back 2

Energy of motion

Mechanical energy

Front 3

Calorie

Back 3

Amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Front 4

Kilocalorie

Back 4

1000 calories. C. Dietary labels

Front 5

Laws of thermodynamics

Back 5

1) energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

2) energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy (heat)

Front 6

Heat

Back 6

Diffuse energy, least usable form

Front 7

Entropy

Back 7

Relative amount of disorganization in a system. Every energy transformation leads to an increase in the amount of disorder.

Front 8

ATP

Back 8

Adenosine triphosphate- energy currency of cells. Contains the sugar ribose, the nitrogen containing base adenine and three phosphate groups. Energy is released as ATP breaks down into ATD + P

Front 9

ATP Cycle

Back 9

Continual breakdown and regeneration of ATP. ATP holds energy only for a short period of time before it is broken down as ADP + P. It is then rebuilt from energy extracted from carbs/fats during cellular respiration.

Front 10

Coupled reactions

Back 10

A reaction requiring energy occurs in the vicinity of a reaction that gives up energy. Typically ATP breakdown supplies the energy, the reaction transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a molecule in the reaction. Molecule may change shape (starting a new function) or be energized

I.e. muscle contraction occurs when coupled with ATP breakdown. Myosin

Front 11

Metabolic pathway

Back 11

Series of reactions that proved in an orderly, step by step manner. Reactants enter a metabolic pathway and are then modified to produce products

Front 12

Enzymes

Back 12

Protein molecules that function as organic catalysts to speed chemical reactions. Converts substrates into products. Not used up by reactions

Front 13

Osmosis

Back 13

Form of passive transport in which water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from areas of higher concentration to lower. Often occurs through channel proteins (aquaporins)

Front 14

Isotonic solution

Back 14

ISO- same. Cell neither gains nor loses water

Front 15

Hypotonic solution

Back 15

Hypo- less than. Cells gain water. Outside the cell concentration of solute is less, concentration of water is greater than inside the cell.

Front 16

Hypertonic solution

Back 16

Hyper-less than. Cells lose water because the concentration of solute is higher/water is lower outside the cell

Front 17

Plasmolysis

Back 17

Shrinking of the cytoplasm due to osmosis

Front 18

Hemolysis

Back 18

Disrupted red blood cells

Front 19

Active transport

Back 19

Molecules or ions move through the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient, moving from areas of low concentration to high. Used to accumulate specific molecules/ions on one side of the plasma membrane. Proteins involved in active transport called pumps because they use energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient, as a pump uses energy to move water against the force of gravity.

Front 20

Sodium potassium pump

Back 20

Carrier protein that moves sodium ions to the outside of the cell and potassium ions to the inside of the cell, associated with nerve/muscle cells

Front 21

Bulk transport

Back 21

Macromolecules such as polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides are moved in/out of the cell through vesicles

Front 22

Exocytosis

Back 22

Transport of molecules out of the cell through vesicles

Front 23

Isotonic solution

Back 23

ISO- same. Equal solute concentrations. Cell neither gains nor loses water

Front 24

Hypotonic solution

Back 24

Hypo- less than. Low solute concentration. Cells gain water. Outside the cell concentration of solute is less, concentration of water is greater than inside the cell.

9

Front 25

Hypertonic solution

Back 25

Hyper-less than. high solute concentration. Cells lose water because the concentration of solute is higher/water is lower outside the cell

Front 26

Receptor-mediated cytosis

Back 26

Receptors form particular substances found at one location in the plasma membrane, called the coated pit. Selective and more efficient than ordinary pinocytosis. Vesicle that forms to transport contains both the molecules and their receptors. Involved in moving cholesterol from blood into cells of body

Front 27

Coated pit

Back 27

Location in plasma membrane containing receptors for particular substances. Has a layer of proteins on its intercellular side

Front 28

Active site

Back 28

The part of of the enzyme that accommodates the substrate. Undergoes a slight change in shape to accommodate the substrate.

Front 29

Induced fit model

Back 29

Mechanism of enzyme action which causes the enzyme to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimal fit

Front 30

Bulk transport

Back 30

Requires vesicle formation and metabolic energy Macromolecules such as polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides are moved in/out of the cell through vesicles.

Front 31

Exocytosis

Back 31

Transport of molecules out of the cell through vesicles, often results in secretion

Front 32

Passive transport

Back 32

Requires so energy. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Front 33

Diffusion

Back 33

Form of passive transport in which Molecules move down their concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved and they are distributed equally.

Front 34

Solution

Back 34

Contains a solute and a solvent. Solutes usually solids or gases, solvents usually liquid

Front 35

Facilitated diffusion

Back 35

form of passive transport where an Ion/molecule diffuses across a membrane with assistance of a channel protein or carrier protein.

I.e. aquaporins assist water moving across the plasma membrane

Front 36

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Back 36

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