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353 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What components make up a Nucleotide? |
A phosphate group A sugar Nitrogen containing base |
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DNA based connected with hydrogen bonds are called |
Base Pairs |
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What are the four DNA bases and what type of bonds connects them |
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
Connected with hydrogen bonds |
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Adenine always bonds with |
Thymine |
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Guanine always pairs with |
Cytosine |
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In transcription The Adenine on the mRNA bonds with |
Uracil |
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What is a nucleotide |
A unit of DNA |
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Guanine always pairs with |
Cytosine |
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What is a nucleotide |
A unit of DNA |
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a |
Double Helix |
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An organisms' complete set of DNA |
Genome |
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In eukaryotes where can Genome information be found |
In the nucleus of almost every cell |
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One or more unique pieces of DNA |
Chromosome |
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In prokaryotes chromosomes are |
Circular |
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In prokaryotes chromosomes are |
Circular |
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In eukaryotes chromosomes are |
Linear |
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In prokaryotes chromosomes are |
Circular |
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In eukaryotes chromosomes are |
Linear |
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How many unique chromosomes do humans have |
23 |
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How many unique chromosomes do humans have |
23 |
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Are all chromosomes the same length |
No |
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How many unique chromosomes do humans have |
23 |
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Are all chromosomes the same length |
No |
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A specific sequence of DNA about 3,000 bases long that contain information necessary to produce all or part of a protein molecule |
Gene |
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How many unique chromosomes do humans have |
23 |
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Are all chromosomes the same length |
No |
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A specific sequence of DNA about 3,000 bases long that contain information necessary to produce all or part of a protein molecule |
Gene |
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In eukaryotes 75% of non-coding DNA occurs |
Between the genes |
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In eukaryotes 25% of non- coding within genes happens in areas called |
Introns |
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The gene's sequence is copied from DNA through |
mRNA |
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The process of copying a gene's sequence to mRNA is called |
Transcription |
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The gene's sequence encoded in mRNA directs the production of |
A Protein |
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mRNA is made in |
RNA polymerase |
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mRNA gets out of nucleus through |
Nuclear pore |
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What reads the mRNA to produce a protein |
Ribosomes |
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Which codon is a start codon |
AUG (Methionine) |
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Which codons are stop codons |
UAA UAG UGA |
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What mutation is the most harmful substitution? |
Insertions and deletions |
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What mutation is the most harmful substitution? |
Insertions and deletions |
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Why are insertions and deletions more harmful than substitutions |
They can alter the reading frame for the rest of the gene |
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What are the types of mutations |
Point mutations and chromosomal aberrations |
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Types of point mutations |
Nucleotide substitutions Nucleotide insertions Nucleotide deletions |
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Types of point mutations |
Nucleotide substitutions Nucleotide insertions Nucleotide deletions |
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Types of chromosomal aberrations |
Gene deletion Gene relocation Gene duplication |
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What is the difference between point mutations and chromosomal aberrations |
In point mutations one nucleotide is changed and in chromosomal aberrations entire sections of a chromosome are altered |
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What is the difference between point mutations and chromosomal aberrations |
In point mutations one nucleotide is changed and in chromosomal aberrations entire sections of a chromosome are altered |
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Five tools of biotechnology |
Chop Amplify Insert Grow Identify |
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Protective cap at the end of the DNA that gets shorter every time a cell divides |
Telomeres |
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What determines cell death |
Telomeres |
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What determines cell death |
Telomeres |
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These cells have a single circular chromosome attached to the cell membrane |
Prokaryotic cells |
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What determines cell death |
Telomeres |
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These cells have a single circular chromosome attached to the cell membrane |
Prokaryotic cells |
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Cells that contain linear chromosomes within a nucleus |
Eukaryotic cells |
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Prokaryotic cell division happens through |
Binary fission |
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Prokaryotic cell division happens through |
Binary fission |
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When an exact copy of the cells DNA is created |
Replication |
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Binary fission results in |
Two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Binary fission results in |
Two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Eukaryotic cell cycle |
Gap 1 - primary growth phase G0 - resting phase - some cells pause outside the cell cycle S Phase - DNA Synthesis - cell Prep begins - replication Gap 2 - secondary period of growth and prep for cell div Mitosis - parent cell's nucleus With duplicated chromosomes divides Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides Into 2 daughter cells
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What happens in interphase |
Growth Replication Growth |
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What happens in interphase |
Growth Replication Growth |
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What happens in mitotic phase |
Mitosis Cytokinesis |
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What happens in interphase |
Growth Replication Growth |
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What happens in mitotic phase |
Mitosis Cytokinesis |
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What are the two phases of a eukaryotic cell cycle |
Interphase Mitotic phase |
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What are the three primary checkpoints that regulate cell cycle in eukaryotes |
G1/S - is the DNA damaged / Does it have nutrients G2/M - has DNA replicated Properly Spindle Assembly - are spindle fibers properly built and Attached |
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What are the three primary checkpoints that regulate cell cycle in eukaryotes |
G1/S - is the DNA damaged / Does it have nutrients G2/M - has DNA replicated Properly Spindle Assembly - are spindle fibers properly built and Attached |
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What are checkpoints |
Critical points in the cell cycle in which progress is blocked until specific signals trigger continuation |
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This makes it possible to produce two identical strands of DNA |
Complementary base pairing |
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This makes it possible to produce two identical strands of DNA |
Complementary base pairing |
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New nucleotides can be added to only the -OH connected to the |
3 prime carbon |
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DNA strand can only grow from its |
3 prime end to its 5 prime end |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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Because of ____________ somatic cells can only divide a limited number of times before certain cell death |
Telomeres |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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Because of ____________ somatic cells can only divide a limited number of times before certain cell death |
Telomeres |
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Cancer cells have no ___________ |
Contact inhibition |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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Because of ____________ somatic cells can only divide a limited number of times before certain cell death |
Telomeres |
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Cancer cells have no ___________ |
Contact inhibition |
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What is contact inhibition |
The limiting factor of cell growth that occurs when normal cells come into contact |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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Because of ____________ somatic cells can only divide a limited number of times before certain cell death |
Telomeres |
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Cancer cells have no ___________ |
Contact inhibition |
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What is contact inhibition |
The limiting factor of cell growth that occurs when normal cells come into contact |
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Characteristics of cancer cells |
No contact inhibition Reduced stickiness / adhesion |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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Because of ____________ somatic cells can only divide a limited number of times before certain cell death |
Telomeres |
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Cancer cells have no ___________ |
Contact inhibition |
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What is contact inhibition |
The limiting factor of cell growth that occurs when normal cells come into contact |
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Characteristics of cancer cells |
No contact inhibition Reduced stickiness / adhesion |
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In preparation for mitosis the chromosomes replicate |
Interphase |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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Because of ____________ somatic cells can only divide a limited number of times before certain cell death |
Telomeres |
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Cancer cells have no ___________ |
Contact inhibition |
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What is contact inhibition |
The limiting factor of cell growth that occurs when normal cells come into contact |
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Characteristics of cancer cells |
No contact inhibition Reduced stickiness / adhesion |
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In preparation for mitosis the chromosomes replicate |
Interphase |
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Nuclear membrane breaks down Sister chromatids (replicated chromosomes) condense Spindle forms |
Prophase |
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The genetic material is replicated during DNA synthesis portion of |
Interphase |
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Stages of Mitosis |
1 chromosomes condense 2 chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell 3 each chromosome is pulled apart from its duplicate 4 New nuclear membranes from around each complete set of chromosomes and the Cell divides |
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Because of ____________ somatic cells can only divide a limited number of times before certain cell death |
Telomeres |
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Cancer cells have no ___________ |
Contact inhibition |
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What is contact inhibition |
The limiting factor of cell growth that occurs when normal cells come into contact |
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Characteristics of cancer cells |
No contact inhibition Reduced stickiness / adhesion |
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In preparation for mitosis the chromosomes replicate |
Interphase |
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Nuclear membrane breaks down Sister chromatids (replicated chromosomes) condense Spindle forms |
Prophase |
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Sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell |
Metaphase |
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The sister chromatid pairs are pulled apart by the spindle fibers. One full set of chromosomes goes to one side of the cell and another identical set goes to the other |
Anaphase |
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The sister chromatid pairs are pulled apart by the spindle fibers. One full set of chromosomes goes to one side of the cell and another identical set goes to the other |
Anaphase |
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The chromosomes begin to uncoil as the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell begins to pinch in two |
Telophase |
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What are the phases of mitosis |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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These cells have two copies of each chromosome |
Diploid cells |
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These cells have two copies of each chromosome |
Diploid cells |
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These cells have one copy of each chromosome |
Haploid cells |
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These cells have two copies of each chromosome |
Diploid cells |
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These cells have one copy of each chromosome |
Haploid cells |
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Phases of Meiosis |
Interphase Meiosis I Meiosis II |
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Female gamete |
Egg |
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Female gamete |
Egg |
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Male gamete |
Sperm |
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How many chromosomes from each parent |
23 |
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How many chromosome pairs in a fertilized egg |
23 chromosome pairs or 46 chromosomes total |
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Stages of sexual reproduction |
Meiosis Fertilization Mitosis |
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Stages of sexual reproduction |
Meiosis Fertilization Mitosis |
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In this phase each chromosome in a homologous pair replicates to form a sister chromatid |
Interphase |
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In this phase the homologous pairs separate |
Meiosis I |
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In this phase the second division of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate. |
Meiosis II |
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In this phase the second division of meiosis, the sister chromatids separate. |
Meiosis II |
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In meiosis II are there diploids or haploids |
Haploids |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
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Homologues move toward the center of the cell (referred to as the metaphase plate) and line up |
Metaphase I |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
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Homologues move toward the center of the cell (referred to as the metaphase plate) and line up |
Metaphase I |
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Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material |
Anaphase I |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
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Homologues move toward the center of the cell (referred to as the metaphase plate) and line up |
Metaphase I |
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Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material |
Anaphase I |
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Sister chromatids arrive at the cell poles and the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell pinches into two daughter cells. Chromosomes may unwind slightly |
Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
|
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
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Homologues move toward the center of the cell (referred to as the metaphase plate) and line up |
Metaphase I |
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Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material |
Anaphase I |
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Sister chromatids arrive at the cell poles and the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell pinches into two daughter cells. Chromosomes may unwind slightly |
Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Chromosomes in daughter cells condense. Spindle forms |
Prophase II |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
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Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
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Homologues move toward the center of the cell (referred to as the metaphase plate) and line up |
Metaphase I |
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Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material |
Anaphase I |
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Sister chromatids arrive at the cell poles and the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell pinches into two daughter cells. Chromosomes may unwind slightly |
Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Chromosomes in daughter cells condense. Spindle forms |
Prophase II |
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Sister chromatid pairs line up at the center of the cell |
Metaphase II |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
|
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
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Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
|
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Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
|
|
Homologues move toward the center of the cell (referred to as the metaphase plate) and line up |
Metaphase I |
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Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material |
Anaphase I |
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Sister chromatids arrive at the cell poles and the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell pinches into two daughter cells. Chromosomes may unwind slightly |
Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
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Chromosomes in daughter cells condense. Spindle forms |
Prophase II |
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Sister chromatid pairs line up at the center of the cell |
Metaphase II |
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Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers toward opposite cell poles |
Anaphase II |
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Chromosomes replicate in preparation for meiosis |
Interphase |
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The nuclear membrane reassembles around the chromosomes. The two daughter cells pinch into four haploid daughter cells |
Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
|
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Phases of Meiosis Division I: homologues separate |
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
|
Meiosis Division II : Sister Chromatids Separate |
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis |
|
|
Replicated chromosomes condense Spindle is formed Homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and cross over Nuclear membrane disintegrates |
Prophase I |
|
|
Homologues move toward the center of the cell (referred to as the metaphase plate) and line up |
Metaphase I |
|
|
Homologues separate and are pulled to opposite poles. Sister chromatids going to each side are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material |
Anaphase I |
|
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Sister chromatids arrive at the cell poles and the nuclear membrane reassembles around them. The cell pinches into two daughter cells. Chromosomes may unwind slightly |
Telophase I and Cytokinesis |
|
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Chromosomes in daughter cells condense. Spindle forms |
Prophase II |
|
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Sister chromatid pairs line up at the center of the cell |
Metaphase II |
|
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Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers toward opposite cell poles |
Anaphase II |
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New combinations of alleles are created through |
Crossing over |
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XX |
Female sex chromosome |
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XX |
Female sex chromosome |
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XY |
Male sex chromosome |
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Individuals have how many copies ifnsex chromosomes in every cell |
Two except gametes they have one |
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Gametes are united during |
Fertilization |
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Gametes are united during |
Fertilization |
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A ______________ ________ masks the effect of a _____________ ______ . |
Dominant trait Recessive trait |
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This man crossed pea plants with white and purple flowers to determine recessive and dominant traits |
Mendel |
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Only one of the two alleles for a gene is put into a gamete. At fertilization, offspring receive from each parent one allele for each gene |
Mendel's law of segregation |
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When two alleles are the recessive genes |
Homozygous recessive |
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When two alleles have one recessive and one dominant gene |
Heterozygous |
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When two alleles have two dominant genes |
Homozygous dominant |
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When two alleles have two dominant genes |
Homozygous dominant |
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The outward appearance of an individual |
Phenotype |
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When two alleles have two dominant genes |
Homozygous dominant |
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The outward appearance of an individual |
Phenotype |
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An organizms underlying genetic composition |
Genotype |
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A useful tool for determining the possible outcomes of a cross between two individuals |
Punnett square |
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In the second generation, where one parent in the first generation was albino, the offspring are |
1/4 homozygous dominant MM 2/4 heterozygous Mm 1/4 homozygous recessive mm |
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In the second generation, where one parent in the first generation was albino, the offspring are |
1/4 homozygous dominant MM 2/4 heterozygous Mm 1/4 homozygous recessive mm |
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In the Punnett square for Albanian how many albino offspring are in the first cross |
0 |
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In the second generation, where one parent in the first generation was albino, the offspring are |
1/4 homozygous dominant MM 2/4 heterozygous Mm 1/4 homozygous recessive mm |
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In the Punnett square for Albanian how many albino offspring are in the first cross |
0 |
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In the Punnett square for albinism how many offspring are albino in the second crossing |
1 |
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Useful tool to document a trait of interest across multiple generations of family members |
Pedigree |
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Useful tool to document a trait of interest across multiple generations of family members |
Pedigree |
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How many genotypes do red blood cells have |
6 different genotypes |
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Useful tool to document a trait of interest across multiple generations of family members |
Pedigree |
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How many genotypes do red blood cells have |
6 different genotypes Ia Ia Ia i Ib Ib Ib i Ia Ib ii |
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The six genotypes for red blood cells result in how many phenotypes |
4 A B AB O |
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Genes that determine blood type have _______ alleles possible |
Three Ia - dominant to i and codominate with Ib Ib - dominant to i and codominate with Ia I - recessive to Ia and Ib |
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Chemicals on the surface of some cells that act as sign posts to tell the immune system whether the cell belongs in the body |
Antigens |
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Immune system molecules that attack cells with foreign antigens |
Antibodies |
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Type A blood as ___ antibodies |
B |
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Type A blood as ___ antibodies |
B |
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Type B has ___ antibodies |
A |
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Type A blood has _____ antigens and ___ antibodies |
A antigens and B antibodies |
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Type B has _____ antigens and ___ antibodies |
B antigens and A antibodies |
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Type AB has________ antigens and _____ antibodies |
A and B antigens and Neither A nor B antibodies |
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Type O has _______ antigens and ____ antibodies |
Neither A or B antigens and A and B antibodies |
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Why are people with type O blood considered "universal" donors |
They don't have antigens for A or B |
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Why are people with type O blood considered "universal" donors |
They don't have antigens for A or B |
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Why are people with blood type AB considered "universal" recipients |
They have antigens for A and B and don't have A or B antibodies |
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Why are people with type O blood considered "universal" donors |
They don't have antigens for A or B and they have no antibodies |
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When genes are located ______ _________ on the same chromosome the alleles for genes are inherited and expressed almost as a package deal |
Close together (linked genes) |
|
|
A genetic change in the population |
Evolution |
|
|
A genetic change in the population |
Evolution |
|
|
The consequence of certain individual organisms in a population being born with characteristics that enable them to survive better and reproduce more than the offspring of other individuals in the population |
Natural Selection |
|
|
Before Darwin's book "The Origin of Species" (1859) |
All organisms put on Earth by a creator at the same time Organisms are fixed Earth is about 6000 years old |
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Before Darwin's book "The Origin of Species" (1859) |
All organisms put on Earth by a creator at the same time Organisms are fixed Earth is about 6000 years old |
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After Darwin's book "The Origin of Species" (1859) |
Organisms change over time Some organisms have gone extinct Earth is more than 6,000 year old The geology of Earth is not constant but always changing |
|
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Father of evolution |
Darwin |
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Mechanisms of evolution |
Mutation Genetic drift Migration Natural selection |
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An alteration of the base-pair sequence in the DNA of an individual's gamete-producing cells that changes an allele's frequency |
Mutation |
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An alteration of the base-pair sequence in the DNA of an individual's gamete-producing cells that changes an allele's frequency |
Mutation |
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A random change in allele frequencies, unrelated to any allele' influence on reproductive success |
Genetic drift |
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A change in allele frequencies caused by individuals moving into or out of a population |
Migration |
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A change in allele frequencies caused by individuals moving into or out of a population |
Migration |
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A change in allele frequencies that occurs when individuals with one version of a heritable trait have greater reproductive success than individuals with a different version of the trait |
Natural selection |
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Most fit to reproduce pass on their genes |
Natural selection |
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A measure of the relative amount of reproduction of an individual with a particular phenotype, compared with the reproductive output of individuals of the same species with alternative phenotypes |
Fitness |
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Five primary lines of evidence of evolution |
The fossil record Biogeography Comparative anatomy and embryology Molecular biology Laboratory and field experiments |
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______________ encompasses any and all of the actions performed by an organism, often in response to its environment or to the actions of another organism |
Behavior |
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______________ encompasses any and all of the actions performed by an organism, often in response to its environment or to the actions of another organism |
Behavior |
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_____________ behavior is only one of many behaviors influenced by natural selection |
Feeding |
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Scope of animal behavior |
1 Conflict, aggression, and territoriality 2 Cooperation, alliance building and sociality 3 Competing for food and avoiding predators 4 Migration and navigation 5 Behavioral control of body temperature 6 Courtship and mate choice 7 Pair bonding and fidelity 8 Breeding and parental behavior 9 Communication 10 Learning and tool use |
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Behaviors that do not require environmental input for development. Present in all individuals and do not vary much |
Innate (instinct) |
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The evolution of a trait that is beneficial for the species or population while decreasing the fitness of the individual exhibiting the trait |
Group Selection |
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The evolution of a trait that is beneficial for the species or population while decreasing the fitness of the individual exhibiting the trait |
Group Selection |
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Factors in mate selection |
Courtship rituals Control of valuable resources Gifts up front Good looks |
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Types of Animal Communication |
Chemical Acoustical Visual |
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Pheromones |
Chemical communication |
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Roar of a lion |
Auditory (Acoustical) Communication |
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Roar of a lion |
Auditory (Acoustical) Communication |
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Puffer fish (balloon fish) puffing up in response to threat |
Visual Communication |
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Roar of a lion |
Auditory (Acoustical) Communication |
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Puffer fish (balloon fish) puffing up in response to threat |
Visual Communication |
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Short telomeres would indicate |
Older chromosome |
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Roar of a lion |
Auditory (Acoustical) Communication |
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Puffer fish (balloon fish) puffing up in response to threat |
Visual Communication |
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Short telomeres would indicate |
Older chromosome |
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Cell suicide |
Apoptosis |
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What needs to change for evolution to take place |
Genes through alleles |
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In humans, genes make up less than ____ % of DNA the rest is regulatory |
5 |
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In humans, genes make up less than ____ % of DNA the rest is regulatory |
5 |
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Cell cycle order |
Mitosis G1 S G2 |
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In humans, genes make up less than ____ % of DNA the rest is regulatory |
5 |
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Cell cycle order |
Mitosis G1 S G2 |
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Interphase is what sequence order |
G1 S G2 |
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What did Darwin propose |
That over time organisms change (adapt) |
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If mom and dad have blood type B what blood type are offspring |
B |
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If mom and dad have blood type B what blood type are offspring |
B |
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If mom has blood type B and dad has blood type O what blood type is the offspring |
B |
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What happens during telophase |
Chromosomes uncoil Nuclear membrane begins to reassemble Cell begins to pinch together |
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Sister chromatids are connected by |
Centromere |
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When the 46 chromosomes are duplicated during mitosis you have |
92 sister chromatids |
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When the 46 chromosomes are duplicated during mitosis you have |
92 sister chromatids |
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Where can you find DNA in your body |
In every single cell |
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When the 46 chromosomes are duplicated during mitosis you have |
92 sister chromatids |
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Where can you find DNA in your body |
In every single cell |
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If a baby has its fathers nose it means that |
The baby inherited many alleles from the father that equal the same nose |
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Entire genome of reproductive age individuals |
Gene pool |
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To start the transcription process a large molecule _____________ recognizes a _____________ |
RNA polymerase; promoter site |
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During transcription at the point where the DNA stand is being copied has an adenine a(n) ____________ is added to the ________________. |
Uracil; mRNA |
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The copy of the gene's resulting from transcription is used to produce |
Proteins |
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The copy of the gene's resulting from transcription is used to produce |
Proteins |
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The copy of the gene's resulting from transcription is used to produce |
Proteins |
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Can environment have an impact on mutation rates |
Yes |
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The copy of the gene's resulting from transcription is used to produce |
Proteins |
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Can environment have an impact on mutation rates |
Yes |
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What are the two major ways to replicate |
Meiosis and Mitosis |
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Altruistic behavior in animals may result from kin selection a process in which |
Genes promote the survival of copies of themselves when behaviors by animals possessing those genes assist other animals that share those genes |
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Makes it possible to produce two identical strands by separating the parent strand and using each strand as a template |
Complimentary base pairing |
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During DNA replication each strand serves as a |
Template for the complimentary strand |
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Exclusive male parental care is more common in fish rather than mammals because fish reproduce through |
External fertilization |
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Natural Selection can only act on ______________ traits |
Heritable (passed on) |
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Natural Selection can only act on ______________ traits |
Heritable (passed on) |
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What is the purpose of mitosis |
New genetically identical cell |
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Genotype + environment |
Phenotype |
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Chemotherapy |
Interferes with cell Division Circulates throughout the body Disrupts normal system that reproduces cells |
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When alleles code for different traits of the same characteristics |
Alternative versions of the gene |
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Incest avoidance evolved in humans because it caused |
Higher chance of genetic defects |
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Incest avoidance evolved in humans because it caused |
Higher chance of genetic defects |
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Where the egg and sperm cells end up with exactly one copy of each chromosome |
Meiosis |
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Incest avoidance evolved in humans because it caused |
Higher chance of genetic defects |
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Where the egg and sperm cells end up with exactly one copy of each chromosome |
Meiosis |
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Transcription happens in the |
Nucleus |
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Incest avoidance evolved in humans because it caused |
Higher chance of genetic defects |
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Where the egg and sperm cells end up with exactly one copy of each chromosome |
Meiosis |
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Transcription happens in the |
Nucleus |
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Translation through ribosomes occurs |
Outside the nucleus |
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Translate the following from DNA to mRNA ATCGAT |
UAGCUA |
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The sex that has the greater energetic investment |
More discriminating (choose) |
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The sex that has the greater energetic investment |
More discriminating (choose) |
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An action or signal to change behavior of other organisms |
Communication |
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Homologues chromosomes are exchanged during |
Crossing over |
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Homologues chromosomes are exchanged during |
Crossing over |
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Molecules release by one organism that effects another |
Pheromones |
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Homologues chromosomes are exchanged during |
Crossing over |
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Molecules release by one organism that effects another |
Pheromones |
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The ______ is the only thing that changes in every DNA molecule |
Base |
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The information in a molecule of DNA or RNA is determined by its |
Sequence of bases |
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Which phase of mitosis is it when the chromosomes meet in the middle |
Metaphase |
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What is true about DNA |
Individual identity Record of evolutionary history Information for every cell |
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In a pedigree analysis when it is darkened what does it indicate |
Positive for expressing that trait |
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Diabetics can not produce |
Insulin |
